Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T02:55:06.400Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Subtypes of Alzheimer's Dementia: a conceptual analysis and critical review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

A. F. Jorm*
Affiliation:
NH and MRC Social Psychiatry Research Unit, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr A. F. Jorm, NH and MRC Social Psychiatry Research Unit, The Australian National Unversity, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

Synopsis

Criteria necessary for establishing the existence of qualitatively-different subtypes of a disorder are proposed. A review is made of the existing literature on Alzheimer's Dementia which proposes subtypes on the basis of either psychological or neuropathological data. It is concluded that, as yet, this research has not met the criteria for establishing qualitatively-different subtypes. However, Alzheimer's Dementia does seem to show quantitative variability in a number of respects and this appears to be related to factors of aetiological significance. The possibility that this quantitative variability could provide the basis for subtyping is discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Benson, D. F., Kuhl, D. E., Hawkins, R. A., Phelps, M. E., Cummings, J. L. & Tsai, S. Y. (1983). The fluorodeoxyglucose 18F scan in Alzheimer's Disease and multi-infarct dementia. Archives of Neurology 40, 711714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, T. D., Stranahan, S., Sumi, S. M. & Raskind, M. (1983). Alzheimer's disease: choline acetyltransferase activity in brain tissue from clinical and pathological subgroups. Annals of Neurology 14, 284293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bondareff, W. (1983). Age and Alzheimer disease. Lancet i, 1447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bondareff, W., Baldy, R. & Levy, R. (1981 a). Quantitative computed tomography in senile dementia. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 13651368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bondareff, W., Mountjoy, C. Q. & Roth, M. (1981 b). Selective loss of neurones of origin of adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus coeruleus) in senile dementia. Lancet i, 783784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitner, J. C. S. & Folstein, M. F. (1984). Familial Alzheimer Dementia: a prevalent disorder with specific clinical features. Psychological Medicine 14, 6380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chase, T. N., Foster, N. L., Fedio, P., Brooks, R., Mansi, L. & Di Chiro, G. (1984). Regional cortical dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease as determined by positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology 15, S170S174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Constantinidis, J. (1978). Is Alzheimer's Disease a major form of senile dementia? Clinical, anatomical, and genetic data. In Alzheimer's Disease: Senile Dementia and Related Disorders (ed. Katzman, R., Terry, R. D. and Bick, K. L.), pp. 1525. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Damasio, H., Eslinger, P., Damasio, A. R., Rizzo, M., Huang, H. K., Demeter, S. (1983). Quantitative computed tomographic analysis in the diagnosis of dementia. Archives of Neurology 40, 715719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everitt, B. S. (1981). Bimodality and the nature of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 138, 336339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleiss, J. L. (1972). Classification of the depressive disorders by numerical typology. Journal of Psychiatric Research 9, 141153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, M. F. & Breitner, J. C. S. (1981). Language disorder predicts familial Alzheimer's Disease. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal 149, 145147.Google ScholarPubMed
Hachinski, V. C., Iliff, L. D., Zilhka, E., Duboulay, G. H., McAllister, V. L., Marshall, J., Russell, R. W. R. & Symon, L. (1975). Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Archives of Neurology 32, 632637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, M. J. G., Thomas, D. J., Du Boulay, G. H. & Marshall, J. (1979). Multi-infarct dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 40, 97103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heston, L. L., Mastri, A. R., Anderson, V. E. & White, J. (1981). Dementia of the Alzheimer type: clinical genetics, natural history and associated conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 10851090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyman, A. (1984). Reply. Annals of Neurology 15, 615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyman, A., Wilkinson, W. E., Hurwitz, B. J., Schmechel, D., Sigmon, A. H., Weinberg, T., Helms, M. J. & Swift, M. (1983). Alzheimer's disease: genetic aspects and associated clinical disorders. Annals of Neurology 14, 507515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubbard, B. M. & Anderson, J. M. (1981). A quantitative study of cerebral atrophy in old age and senile dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 50, 135145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1978). LISREL IV. National Educational Resources: Chicago.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1976). The classification of depressions: a review of contemporary confusion. British Journal of Psychiatry 129, 1528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. & Brockington, I. F. (1980). The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenic and affective psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 137, 324331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, C. (1969). Clinical heterogeneity in senile dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry 115, 267271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naguib, M. & Levy, R. (1982 a). Prediction of outcome in senile dementia – a computed tomography study. British Journal of Psychiatry 140, 263267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuguib, M. & Levy, R. (1982 b). CT scanning in senile dementia: a follow-up of survivors. British Journal of Psychiatry 141, 618620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossor, M. N., Iversen, L. L., Johnson, A. J., Mountjoy, C. Q. & Roth, M. (1981). Cholinergic deficit in frontal cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease is age dependent. Lancet ii, 1422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossor, M. N., Iversen, L. L., Reynolds, G. P., Mountjoy, C. Q. & Roth, M. (1984). Neurochemical characteristics of early and late onset types of Alzheimer's disease. British Medical Journal 288, 961964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seltzer, B. & Sherwin, I. (1983). A comparison of clinical features in early- and late-onset primary degenerative dementia. Archives of Neurology 40, 143146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tagliavini, F. & Pilleri, G. (1983). Neuronal counts in basal nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer disease and in simple senile dementia. Lancet i, 469470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcock, G. K. & Esiri, M. M. (1983). Age and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet ii, 346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar