Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T19:29:34.481Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The relationship between coping and subclinical psychotic experiences in adolescents from the general population – a longitudinal study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2011

A. Lin ,
J. T. W. Wigman ,
B. Nelson ,
W. A. M. Vollebergh ,
J. van Os ,
G. Baksheev ,
J. Ryan ,
Q. A. W. Raaijmakers ,
A. Thompson  and
A. R. Yung
A. Lin*
Affiliation:
Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
J. T. W. Wigman
Affiliation:
Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
B. Nelson
Affiliation:
Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
W. A. M. Vollebergh
Affiliation:
Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
J. van Os
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
G. Baksheev
Affiliation:
Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
J. Ryan
Affiliation:
Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Q. A. W. Raaijmakers
Affiliation:
Research Center Adolescent Development, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
A. Thompson
Affiliation:
Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
A. R. Yung
Affiliation:
Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
*
*Address for correspondence: Ms. A. Lin, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Melbourne 3052, Australia. (Email: lin.ashleigh@gmail.com)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Subclinical psychotic experiences during adolescence may represent liability for developing psychotic disorder. Both coping style and the degree of persistence of psychotic experiences may play a role in the progression to clinical psychotic disorder, but little is known about the causal relationship between the two.

Method

Path modelling was used to examine longitudinal relationships between subclinical positive psychotic experiences and three styles of coping (task-, emotion- and avoidance-oriented) in an adolescent general population sample (n=813) assessed three times in 3 years. Distinct developmental trajectories of psychotic experiences, identified with growth mixture modelling, were compared on the use of these coping styles.

Results

Over time, emotion-oriented coping in general was bi-directionally related to psychotic experiences. No meaningful results were found for task- or avoidance-oriented coping. Females reported using a wider range of coping styles than males, but the paths between coping and psychotic experiences did not differ by gender. Persistence of psychotic experiences was associated with a greater use of emotion-oriented coping, whereas a decrease in experiences over time was associated with an increased use of task-orientated coping.

Conclusions

Emotion-oriented coping is the most important coping style in relation to psychotic experiences, as it may contribute to a ‘vicious cycle’ and is associated with persistence of experiences. In addition, more task-oriented coping may result in a decrease in psychotic experiences. Results suggest that opportunities for intervention may already be present at the level of subclinical psychosis.

Keywords

Copingdevelopmentgeneral populationsubclinical psychotic experiences
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 41 , Issue 12 , December 2011 , pp. 2535 - 2546
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allardyce, J, Suppes, T, van Os, J (2007). Dimensions and the psychosis phenotype. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 16, S34–S40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bak, M, Myin-Germeys, I, Hanssen, M, Bijl, R, Vollebergh, WAM, Delespaul, P, van Os, J (2003). When does experience of psychosis result in need for care? A prospective general population study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, 349–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birchwood, M, Chadwick, P (1997). The omnipotence of voices: testing the validity of a cognitive model. Psychological Medicine 27, 1345–1353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boschi, S, Adams, RE, Bromet, EJ, Lavelle, JE, Everett, E, Galambos, N (2000). Coping with psychotic symptoms in the early phases of schizophrenia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70, 242–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, TA (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. The Guildford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Chen, FF (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 14, 464–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cougnard, A, Mercelis, M, Myin-Germeys, I, de Graaf, R, Vollebergh, WAM, Krabbendam, L, Lieb, R, Wittchen, HU, Henquet, C, Spauwen, J, van Os, J (2007). Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? A psychosis proneness–persistence model. Psychological Medicine 37, 513–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dangelmaier, RE, Docherty, NM, Akamatsu, TJ (2006). Psychosis proneness, coping, and perceptions of social support. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhossche, D, Ferdinand, R, van der Ende, J, Hofstra, MB, Verhulst, FC (2002). Diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine 32, 619–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dominguez, M, Saka, MC, Lieb, R, Wittchen, H-U, van Os, J (2010). Early expression of negative/disorganized symptoms predicting psychotic experiences and subsequent clinical psychosis: a 10-year study. American Journal of Psychiatry 167, 1075–1082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dominguez, M, Wichers, M, Lieb, R, Wittchen, H-U, van Os, J (2011). Evidence that onset of clinical psychosis is an outcome of progressively more persistent subclinical psychotic experiences: an 8-year cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 84–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, TE, Duncan, SC (2004). An introduction to latent growth curve modeling. Behavior Therapy 35, 333–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endler, NS, Parker, JD (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, 844–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escher, S, Delespaul, P, Romme, M, Buiks, A, van Os, J (2003). Coping defence and depression in adolescents hearing voices. Journal of Mental Health 12, 91–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farhall, J, Greenwood, KM, Jackson, HJ (2007). Coping with hallucinated voices in schizophrenia: a review of self-initiated strategies and therapeutic interventions. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 476–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, P, Morrison, AP (2004). Early Detection and Cognitive Therapy for People at High Risk of Developing Psychosis: A Treatment Approach. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garety, PA, Freeman, D (1999). Cognitive approaches to delusions: a critical review of theories and evidence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 38, 113–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, D, Williams, P (1988). A User's Guide to the General Health Questionnaire. NFER-Nelson: Windsor, UK.Google Scholar
Hanssen, M, Bak, M, Bijl, R, Vollebergh, WAM, van Os, J (2005). The incidence and outcome of subclinical psychotic experiences in the general population. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44, 181–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobfoll, SE, Dunahoo, CL, Ben-Porath, Y, Monnier, J (1994). Gender and coping: the dual-axis model of coping. American Journal of Community Psychology 22, 49–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johns, LC, van Os, J (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical Psychology Review 21, 1125–1141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelleher, I, Harley, M, Murtagh, A, Cannon, M (2011). Are screening instruments valid for psychotic-like experiences? A validation study of screening questions for psychotic-like experiences using in-depth clinical interview. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 362–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konings, M, Bak, M, Hanssen, M, van Os, J, Krabbendam, L (2006). Validity and reliability of the CAPE: a self-report instrument for the measurement of psychotic experiences in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114, 55–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krabbendam, L, Myin-Germeys, I, Bak, M, van Os, J (2005). Explaining transitions over the hypothesized psychosis continuum. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, 180–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krabbendam, L, van Os, J (2005). Affective processes in the onset and persistence of psychosis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 255, 185–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackie, CJ, Castellanos-Ryan, N, Conrod, PJ (2010). Developmental trajectories of psychotic-like experiences across adolescence: impact of victimization and substance use. Psychological Medicine 41, 47–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCutcheon, AL (1987). Latent Class Analysis. Sage Publications, Inc.: Newbury Park, CA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGorry, PD, Hickie, IB, Yung, AR, Pantelis, C, Jackson, HJ (2006). Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, 616–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modestin, J, Caveng, I, Wehrli, MV, Malti, T (2009). Correlates of coping styles in psychotic illness – an extension study. Psychiatry Research 168, 50–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mrazek, PJ, Haggarty, RJ (1994). Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventative Intervention Research. National Academic Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Muthén, LK, Muthén, BO (1998–2007). Mplus User's Guide, 5th edn. Muthén & Muthén: Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Nelson, B, Yung, A (2009). Psychotic-like experiences as overdetermined phenomena: when do they increase the risk for psychotic disorder? Schizophrenia Research 108, 303–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuevo, R, Chatterji, S, Verdes, E, Naidoo, N, Arango, C, Ayuso-Mateos, J (2010). The continuum of psychotic symptoms in the general population: a cross-national study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Published online: 13 September 2010. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq099.Google ScholarPubMed
Parker, JDA, Endler, NS (1992). Coping with coping assessment: a critical review. European Journal of Personality 6, 321–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, L, Francey, S, Edwards, J, McMurray, N (2009). Strategies used by psychotic individuals to cope with life stress and symptoms of illness: a systematic review. Anxiety, Stress and Coping 22, 371–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulton, R, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Cannon, M, Murray, R, Harrington, H (2000). Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 1053–1058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, LS (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritsner, M, Ben-Avi, I, Ponizovsky, A, Timinsky, I, Bistrov, E, Modai, I (2003). Quality of life and coping with schizophrenia symptoms. Quality of Life Research 12, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rössler, W, Riecher-Rossler, A, Angst, J, Murray, R, Gamma, A, Eich, D, van Os, J, Gross, VA (2007). Psychotic experiences in the general population: a twenty-year prospective community study. Schizophrenia Research 92, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruhrmann, S, Paruch, J, Bechdolf, A, Pukrop, R, Wagner, M, Berning, J, Schultze-Lutter, F, Janssen, B, Gaebel, W, Möller, HJ (2008). Reduced subjective quality of life in persons at risk for psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 117, 357–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuldberg, D, Karwacki, SB, Burns, GL (1996). Stress, coping, and social support in hypothetically psychosis-prone subjects. Psychological Reports 78, 1267–1283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J, Chant, D, Andrews, G, McGrath, J (2006). Psychotic-like experiences in the general community: the correlates of CIDI psychosis screen items in an Australian sample. Psychological Medicine 36, 231–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, DL, Levendosky, AA (1999). Adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse: the mediating role of attachment style and coping in psychological and interpersonal functioning. Child Abuse and Neglect 23, 1175–1191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stefanis, NC, Hanssen, M, Smirnis, NK, Avramopoulos, DA, Evdokimidis, IK, Stefanis, CN, Verdoux, H, van Os, J (2002). Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychological Medicine 32, 347–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strous, RD, Ratner, Y, Gibel, A, Ponizovsky, A, Ritsner, M (2005). Longitudinal assessment of coping abilities at exacerbation and stabilization in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 46, 167–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, KN, McGorry, PD, Harrigan, SM (2003). Recovery style and outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 62, 31–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J, Linscott, RJ, Myin-Germeys, I, Delespaul, P, Krabbendam, L (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine 39, 179–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Rossum, I, Dominguez, M, Lieb, R, Wittchen, H-U, van Os, J (2009). Affective dysregulation and reality distortion: a 10-year prospective study of their association and clinical relevance. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Published online: 30 September 2009. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp101.Google ScholarPubMed
Verdoux, H, Van Os, J, Maurice-Tison, S, Gay, B, Salamon, R, Bourgeois, M (1998). Is early adulthood a critical developmental stage for psychosis proneness? A survey of delusional ideation in normal subjects. Schizophrenia Research 29, 247–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welham, J, Scott, J, Williams, GM, Najman, J, Bor, W, O'Callaghan, M, McGrath, J (2009). Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a 21-year birth cohort study. Psychological Medicine 39, 625–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigman, JTW, van Winkel, R, Raaijmakers, QAW, Ormel, J, Verhulst, FC, Reijneveld, SA, van Os, J, Vollebergh, WAM (2011). Evidence for a persistent, environment-dependent and deteriorating subtype of subclinical psychotic experiences: a 6-year longitudinal general population study. Psychological Medicine. Published online: 11 April 2011. doi:10.1017/S0033291711000304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigman, JTW, Vollebergh, WAM, Raaijmakers, QAW, Iedema, J, van Dorsselaer, S, Ormel, J, Verhulst, FC, van Os, J (2009). The structure of the extended psychosis phenotype in early adolescence – a cross-sample replication. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Published online: 31 December 2009. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp154.Google ScholarPubMed
Wiles, NJ, Zammit, S, Bebbington, P, Singleton, N, Meltzer, H, Lewis, G (2006). Self-reported psychotic symptoms in the general population. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 519–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, SS, Lee, BO, Ang, RP, Oei, TPS, Ng, AK (2009). Personality, health, and coping: a cross-national study. Cross-Cultural Research 43, 251–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yung, AR, Buckby, JA, Cotton, SM, Cosgrave, EM, Killackey, EJ, Stanford, C, Godfrey, K, McGorry, PD (2006). Psychotic-like experiences in nonpsychotic help-seekers: associations with distress, depression and disability. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 352–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yung, AR, McGorry, PD (1996). The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophrenia Bulletin 22, 353–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yung, AR, Nelson, B, Baker, K, Buckby, J, Baksheev, G, Cosgrave, E (2009). Psychotic-like experiences in a community sample of adolescents: implications for the continuum model of psychosis and prediction of schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, 118–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar