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Esoteric Knowledge? Ancient Bronze Artefacts from Iron Age Contexts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Richard Hingley
Richard Hingley
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Durham
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Abstract

‘Esoteric knowledge is knowledge of the unusual, the exceptional, the extraordinary; knowledge of things that in some way lie beyond the familiar everyday world’ (Helms 1988, 13)

This paper explores the ways in which Bronze Age bronze artefacts may, on occasions, have been used in the commemoration of place during the southern British Iron Age. The chronologically-based typological systems adopted by archaeologists indicate that these artefacts occur out of their time as they were already several centuries old when they were buried, but it should not be supposed that Iron Age societies necessarily viewed these items entirely in terms of a linear sequence of time. While broadly similar in form and material to items in the cultural repertoire of contemporary society, the bronzes were also quite distinct in the particular forms that they adopted. That these items often appear to have been deposited at sites with a pre-existing monumentality may suggest that objects and places were felt to share ‘otherworldliness’. These items and places may have been used to construct esoteric knowledge through reference to spirits but it is also likely that particular acts of curation and deposition created genealogical associations, incorporating ideas of the mythical past into the context of the present. Drawing on the evidence for the form and contexts of depositions of these objects, this paper addresses the connected topics of what Iron Age society did to objects and sites derived from its own past and what we, in turn, do to (and can do with) the information derived from the Iron Age.

Résumé

Cette étude explore la façon dont des objets en bronze de l'âge du bronze ont pu, à l'occasion, être utilisés dans la commémoration d'un lieu pendant l'âge du fer du sud de la Grande-Bretagne. Les systèmes typologiques reposant sur la chronologie que les archéologues ont adoptés confirment la présence de ces objets en dehors de leur période car ils avaient déjà plusieurs siècles d'âge quand ils ont été enterrés, mais on aurait tort de supposer que les sociétés de l'âge du fer considéraient nécessairement ces articles uniquement en termes de séquence temporelle linéaire. Alors qu'en gros, ils étaient similaires par leur forme et leur matière aux objets du répertoire culturel de la société contemporaine, les bronzes étaient aussi assez distincts de par les formes particulières qu'ils adoptaient. Que souvent ces articles paraissent avoir été déposés sur des sites jouissant d'une monumentalité pré-existante pourrait donner à penser qu'objets et lieux étaient ressentis comme partageant cette ‘appartenance à un autre monde’. Ces objets et lieux pourraient avoir été utilisés pour créer une connaissance ésotérique à travers une référence à des esprits, mais il est également probable que des actes particuliers de guérison et de dépôt aient créé des associations généalogiques, incorporant des idées d'un passé mythique dans le contexte du présent. S'appuyant sur les témoignages de la forme et des contextes des dépôts de ces objets, cette étude examine les sujets en rapport avec ce que la société de l'âge du fer faisait aux objets et sites issus de son propre passé et ce que nous, à notre tour, faisons à (et pouvons faire avec) les renseignements issus de l'âge du fer.

Résumen

Este trabajo explora los modos en los que artefactos de la Edad del Bronce pudieron, ocasionalmente, haber sido usados en la conmemoración del lugar durante la Edad del Hierro del sur de Gran Bretaña. Los sistemas tipológicos de base cronológica que han sido adoptados por los arqueólogos indican que estos artefactos aparecen fuera de su marco temporal y que contaban con varios siglos de antigüedad cuando fueron enterrados, pero no se debe suponer que las sociedades de la Edad del Hierro necesariamente consideraran estos objetos enteramente en términos de una secuencia lineal de tiempo. Mientras que, en líneas generales, eran similares en forma y material a artículos del repertorio cultural de la sociedad contemporánea, los bronces también presentaban diferencias importantes en las formas particulares que adoptaron. El que estos objetos aparezcan a menudo en yacimientos con una historia de monumentalidad parece sugerir que los objetos y los lugares eran percibidos como posesores de una cierta “ultramundanidad”. Estos objetos y lugares pueden haber sido utilizados para construir conocimiento esotérico a través de la referencia a espíritus, aunque también es probable que acciones curativas específicas y deposiciones hayan creado asociaciones genealógicas, incorporando ideas acerca del pasado mítico al contexto del presente. Apoyándonos en la evidencia de la forma y los contextos de deposición de estos objetos, este trabajo trata los temas relacionados de lo que la sociedad de la Edad del Hierro hizo a los objetos y sitios derivados de su propio pasado, y de lo que nosotros, a nuestra vez, hacemos a (y podemos hacer con) la información derivada de la Edad del Hierro.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht wie bronzezeitliche Artefakte in der Eisenzeit unter Umständen als Erinnerung an einen bestimmten Platz in Südbritannien benutzt worden sein könnten. Die von Archäologen benutzten chrono-typologischen Systeme zeigen, dass diese Artefakte außerhalb ihrem Zeithorizont auftauchen, und als sie vergraben wurden bereits mehrere Jahrhunderte alt waren. Das heißt jedoch nicht, dass die eisenzeitlichen Gesellschaften diese Gegenstände im Sinne linearer Zeit verstanden. Während die Bronzen in Form und Material durchaus mit den Gegenständen aus dem kulturellen Repertoire gleichzeitlicher Gesellschaften vergleichbar waren, sind unterscheiden sie sich aber auch, indem sie unterschiedliche Formen nachahmen. Da sie zudem oft an Fundstellen deponiert wurden, die mit einer dort schon zeitlich früher bestandenen Monumentalität in Verbindung gestanden zu haben scheinen, könnte dies darauf hindeuten, dass sowohl die Bronzen als auch die Orte, an denen sie deponiert wurden mit einer ‘Jenseitigkeit’ in Verbindung gebracht werden könnten. Diese Gegenstände könnten dazu benutzt worden sein esoterisches Wissen zu konstruieren. Dies könnte durch einen Bezug zu Geistern oder auch zu bestimmten Handlungen, die mit Pflege und Niederlegung zusammenhängen und genealogische Assoziationen kreieren, geschehen sein, indem sie Ideen einer mythischen Vergangenheit in den Kontext der Gegenwart einbinden. Bezüglich der Form und Kontexte der Deponierung dieser Objekte, diskutiert der Artikel auf der einen Seite die eisenzeitliche Nutzung dieser Objekte und Plätze, die aus der eigenen Vergangenheit stammen, und auf der anderen Seite, was wir mit dem Informationsgewinn aus der Erforschung der Eisenzeit tun können.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 75 , 2009 , pp. 143 - 165
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2009

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