Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-11T13:21:11.964Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Crossing boundaries for environmental science and management: combining interdisciplinary, interorganizational and international collaboration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2010

STEPHEN G. PERZ ,
SILVIA BRILHANTE ,
I. FOSTER BROWN ,
ANDREA CHAVEZ MICHAELSEN ,
ELSA MENDOZA ,
VERONICA PASSOS ,
RAUL PINEDO ,
JUAN FERNANDO REYES ,
DANIEL ROJAS  and
GALIA SELAYA
STEPHEN G. PERZ*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, 3219 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, PO Box 117330, Gainesville FL 32611-7330, USA
SILVIA BRILHANTE
Affiliation:
SOS Amazonia, Rua Pará 61, Cadeia Velha, Rio Branco, Acre CEP 69900-440, Brazil
I. FOSTER BROWN
Affiliation:
Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth MA 02540, USA
ANDREA CHAVEZ MICHAELSEN
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios, Av. Dos de Mayo No. 960, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
ELSA MENDOZA
Affiliation:
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Avenida Nazaré 669, Belém, Pará CEP 66035-170, Brazil
VERONICA PASSOS
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Acre, Rodovia Br-364 Km 4, Distrito Industrial, Rio Branco, Acre CEP 69915-900, Brazil
RAUL PINEDO
Affiliation:
Proyecto Especial Madre de Dios, Jr. San Martin S/W, Iberia, Madre de Dios, Peru
JUAN FERNANDO REYES
Affiliation:
Herencia, Calle Civica No. 47, Barrio Miraflores, Cobija, Pando, Bolivia
DANIEL ROJAS
Affiliation:
Universidad Amazónia de Pando, Calle Enrique Cornejo No. 77, Cobija, Pando, Bolivia
GALIA SELAYA
Affiliation:
Universidad Amazónia de Pando, Calle Enrique Cornejo No. 77, Cobija, Pando, Bolivia
*
*Correspondence: Dr Stephen Perz e-mail: sperz@ufl.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Literature on environmental science and management endorses crossing boundaries between disciplines, types of organizations and countries for environmental conservation. A literature review on interdisciplinarity, interorganizational networks and international cooperation highlights their justifying rationales and strategic practices. Crossing boundaries implies substantial challenges to managing collaboration itself, notably politics and uncertainty. Challenges to collaboration become compounded when crossing multiple boundaries simultaneously, here illustrated using the case of three projects in the south-western Amazon. Strategic practices such as net brokering and organizational courtships are highly important when crossing multiple boundaries. There are important commonalities in strategic practices for crossing different boundaries, such as recognizing grievances to manage politics, constituting functional redundancies in networks to manage uncertainty and non-aligned collaboration to manage both difficulties.

Keywords

Amazoncollaborationconservationenvironmental managementinterdisciplinaritynetworks
Type
THEMATIC ISSUE: Interdisciplinary Progress in Environmental Science & Management
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 37 , Issue 4: Thematic section. Interdisciplinary Progress in Environmental Science and Management , December 2010 , pp. 419 - 431
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, A. (2004) Methods of Discovery: Heuristics for the Social Sciences. New York, NY, USA: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Agrawal, A. (2001) Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources. World Development 29: 1649–1672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, A. & Gibson, C.C. (1999) Enchantment and disenchantment: the role of community in natural resource conservation. World Development 27: 629–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alchion, A.A. & Demsetz, H. (1973) The property rights paradigm. Journal of Economic History 33: 16–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldaba, F. (2002). Philippine NGOs and multi-stakeholder partnerships: three case studies. Voluntas 13: 179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argyris, C. & Schon, D. (1996) Organizational Learning II: Theory, Method and Practice. Reading, UK: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Balsiger, P.W. (2004) Supradisciplinary research practices: history, objectives, rationale. Futures 36: 407–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bammer, G. & Smithson, M., eds (2009) Uncertainty and Risk: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Barrett, C.B., Brandon, K., Gibson, C. & Gjertsen, H. (2001) Conserving tropical biodiversity amid weak institutions. BioScience 51: 497–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebbington, A. & Thiele, G., eds (1993) Non-governmental Organizations and the State in Latin America. New York, NY, USA: Routledge.Google Scholar
Becher, T. (1989) Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Enquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines. Bristol, PA, USA: Society for Research into Higher Education/Open University Press.Google Scholar
Berkes, F., ed. (1989) Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-based Sustainable Development. London, UK: Belhaven Press.Google Scholar
Bray, D. & Anderson, A. (2005) Global Conservation, Non-governmental Organizations, and Local Peoples. FL, USA: Florida International University, Latin American and Caribbean Center.Google Scholar
Brewer, G.D. (1999) The challenges of interdisciplinarity. Policy Sciences 32: 327–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brick, P., Snow, D. & Van de Wetering, S. (2001). Across the Great Divide: Explorations in Collaborative Conservation and the American West. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. (1997) Popular epidemiology revisited. Current Sociology 45: 137–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, I.F., Brilhante, S.C.H., Mendoza, E. & Ribeiro de Oliveira, I. (2002) Estrada de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil aos Portos do Pacífico: Como Maximizar os Benefícios e Minimizar os Prejuízos para o Desenvolvimento Sustentable da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental. In: CEPEI, La Integración Regional Entre Bolivia, Brasil y Peru. Lima, Peru: CEPEI.Google Scholar
Buck, L.E., Geisler, C.C., Schelhas, J., & Wollenberg, E., eds (2001) Biological Diversity: Balancing Interests Through Adaptive Collaborative Management. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cernea, M.M. (1992) The Building Blocks of Participation: Testing Bottom-up Planning. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, R. (1997) Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapin, M. (2004) A challenge to conservationists. World Watch 17: 17–31.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. & Sabel, C.F. (1997) Directly-deliberative polyarchy. European Law Journal 3: 313–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colfer, C.J.P., ed. (2005) The Complex Forest: Communities, Uncertainty, and Adaptive Collaborative Management. Washington, DC, USA: Resources for the Future/CIFOR.Google Scholar
Costanza, R. (1999) One giant leap: review of Consilience by E.O. Wilson. BioScience 49: 487–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanza, R. (2003) A vision of the future of science: reintegrating the study of humans and the rest of nature. Futures 35: 651–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumming, G., Barnes, G., Perz, S., Schmink, M., Sieving, K., Southworth, J., Binford, M., Holt, R., Stickler, C. & Van Holt, T. (2005) An exploratory framework for the measurement of resilience. Ecosystems 8: 975–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumming, G.S., Cumming, D.H.M. & Redman, C.L. (2006) Scale mismatches in social-ecological systems: causes, consequences and solutions. Ecology and Society 11: 14 [www document] URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art14/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtin, C. (2007) Integrating landscape and ecosystems approaches through science-based collaborative conservation. Conservation Biology 21: 1117–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Burca, G. & Scott, J., eds (2005) New Governance and Constitutionalism in Europe and the United States. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
DeWitt, J. (1994) Civic Environmentalism: Alternatives to Regulation in States and Communities. Washington, DC, USA: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Duchelle, A., Biedenweg, K., Lucas, C., Virapongse, A., Radachowsky, J., Wojcik, D.J., Londres, M., Bartels, W.L., Alvira, D. & Kainer, K. (2009) Graduate students and knowledge exchange with local stakeholders: possibilities and preparation. Biotropica 41: 578–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durant, R.F., Fiorino, D.J. & O'Leary, R., eds (2004) Environmental Governance Reconsidered: Challenges, Choices and Opportunities. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Easterby-Smith, M., Crossan, M. & Nicolini, D. (2000) Organizational learning: debates past, present, and future. Journal of Management Studies 37: 783–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmunds, D. & Wollenberg, E. (2001) A strategic approach to multi-stakeholder negotiations. Development and Change 32: 231–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engels, A. & Ruschenberg, T. (2008) The uneven spread of global science: patterns of international collaboration in global environmental change research. Science and Public Policy 35: 347–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flitcroft, R.L., Dedrick, D.C., Smith, C.L., Thieman, C.A. & Bolte, J.P. (2009) Social infrastructure to integrate science and practice: the experience of the Long Tom Watershed Council. Ecology and Society 14: 36 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art36/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frame, T.S., Gunton, T. & Day, J.C. (2004) The role of collaboration in environmental management: an evaluation of land and resource planning in British Columbia. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 47: 59–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frickel, S. (2004) Just science? Organizing scientist activism in the US environmental justice movement. Science as Culture 13: 449–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaillard, J.F. (1994) North-south research partnerships: is collaboration possible between unequal partners? Knowledge and Policy 7: 31–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, M., Limoge, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. & Trow, P. (1994). The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London, UK: Sage.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (2001) The Global Third Way Debate. Malden, MA, USA: Polity.Google Scholar
Giri, A.K. (2002) The calling of a creative transdisciplinarity. Futures 34: 103–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graybill, J.K., Dooling, S., Shandas, V., Withey, J., Greve, A. & Simon, G.L. (2006) A rough guide to interdisciplinarity: graduate student perspectives. BioScience 56: 757–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulati, R. & Gargiulo, M. (1999). Where do inter-organizational networks come from? American Journal of Sociology 104: 1439–1493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunderson, L.H. & Holling, C.S., eds (2002) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 1243–1248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harriss, J. (2002) The case for cross-disciplinary approaches in international development. World Development 30: 487–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heemskerk, M., Wilson, K. & Pavao-Zuckerman, M. (2003) Conceptual models as tools for communication across disciplines. Conservation Ecology [Ecology and Society] 7: 8 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol7/art8/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillborn, R., Orensanz, J.M. & Parma, A.M. (2005) Institutions, incentives, and the future of fisheries. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society – B 360: 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch Hadorn, G., Hoffmann-Riem, H., Biber-Klemm, S., Grossenbacher-Mansuy, W., Joye, D., Pohl, C. & Wiesmann, U., eds (2008) Handbook of Transdisciplinary Research. Bern, Switzerland: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holling, C.S. (1978) Adaptive Environmental Management and Assessment. London, UK: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Huxham, C. & Vangen, S. (2004) Managing to Collaborate: The Theory and Practice of Collaborative Advantage. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
IIRSA (2009) Iniciativa para la Integracion del a Infraestructura Regional de America del Sur [www document]. URL http://www.iirsa.orgGoogle Scholar
Iniciativa MAP, (2009) Iniciativa MAP [www document]. URL http://www.map-amazonia.netGoogle Scholar
Jasanoff, S. (1997) NGOs and the environment: from knowledge to action. Third World Quarterly 18: 579–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, H. & Almeida, P., eds (2006) Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowen and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (2009) The Three Cultures: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and the Humanities in the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kainer, K., Schmink, M., Covert, H., Stepp, J.R., Bruna, E.M., Dain, J.L., Espinosa, S. & Humphries, S. (2006) A graduate education framework for tropical conservation and development. Conservation Biology 20: 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kainer, K.A., DiGiano, M.L., Duchelle, A.E., Wadt, L.H.O., Bruna, E. & Dain, J.L. (2009) Partnering for greater success: local stakeholders and research in tropical biology and conservation. Biotropica 41: 555–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanie, N. & Haas, P.M., eds. (2004) Emerging Forces in Environmental Governance. New York, NY, USA: UN University Press.Google Scholar
Karkkainen, B., Fung, A. & Sabel, C. (2000) After backyard environmentalism: toward a performance-based regime of enviro- nmental regulation. American Behavioral Scientist 44: 690–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keck, M.E. & Sikkink, K. (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Killeen, T.J. & Solórzano, L.A. (2008) Conservation strategies to mitigate impacts from climate change in Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363: 1881–1888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, J.T. (2004) Prospects for transdisciplinarity. Futures 36: 515–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kok, K., Biggs, R.O. & Zurek, M. (2007) Methods for developing multiscape participatory scenarios: insights from Southern Africa and Europe. Ecology and Society 13: 8 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art8/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasker, R.Z., Weiss, E.A. & Miller, R. (2001) Partnership synergy: a practical framework for studying and strengthening the collaborative advantage. Milbank Quarterly 79: 179–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, K.N. (1993) Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Lélé, S. & Norgaard, R.B. (2005) Practicing Interdisciplinarity. BioScience 55: 967–975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindblom, C.E. (1959) The science of ‘muddling through’. Public Administration Review 19: 79–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longstaff, P.H. & Yang, S.-U. (2008) Communication management and trust: their role in building resilience to ‘surprises’ such as natural disasters, pandemic flu, and terrorism. Ecology and Society 13: 3 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss#/art3/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubchenco, J. (1998) Entering the century of the environment: a new social contract for science. Science 279: 491–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMynowski, D. (2007) Pausing at the brink of interdisciplinarity: power and knowledge at the meeting of social and biophysical science. Ecology and Society 12 (1): 20 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art20/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandell, M.P., ed. (2001) Getting Results Through Collaboration: Networks and Network Structures for Public Policy and Management. Westport, CT, USA: Quorum Books.Google Scholar
Manring, S.L. (2007) Creating and managing inter-organizational learning networks to achieve sustainable ecosystem management. Organization and Environment 20: 325–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marengo, J.A., Nobre, C.A., Tomasella, J., Oyama, M.D., Sampaio de Oliveira, G., de Oliveira, R., Camargo, H., Alves, L.M. & Brown, I.F. (2008) The drought of Amazonia in 2005. Journal of Climate 21: 495–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, B.J. & Acheson, J., eds (1987) The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Community Resources. Tucson, AZ, USA: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Mendoza, E., Perz, S., Schmink, M. & Nepstad, D. (2007 a) Participatory stakeholder workshops to mitigate impacts of road paving in the Southwestern Amazon. Conservation and Society 5: 1–27.Google Scholar
Mendoza, E., Perz, S., Aguilar, C., Alarcón, G., Brown, I.F., Carballo, J., Chavez, A., Chavez, J., Cullman, G., de los Rios, M., Duchelle, A., Dueñas, H., Ehringhaus, C., Luzar, J., Marsik, M., Mayna, J., Muñante, A., Reis, V. & van Oosten, C. (2007 b) The knowledge exchange train: a model for capacity building for participatory governance. Development in Practice 17: 791–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, C.A. (1999) The Economics and Politics of NGOs in Latin America. London, UK: Praeger.Google Scholar
Miles, R.E. & Snow, C.C. (1986) Network organizations: new concepts for new forms. California Management Review 28: 62–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteiro, M. & Keating, E. (2009) Managing misunderstandings: the role of language in interdisciplinary scientific collaboration. Science Communication 31: 6–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotpots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, C.R., Starfield, A.M., Kofinas, G.P. & Kruse, J.A. (2002) Ten heuristics for interdisciplinary modeling projects. Ecosystems 5: 376–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olssen, P., Folke, C. & Hahn, T. (2004) Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden. Ecology and Society 9: 2 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss#/art2/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oughton, E. & Bracken, L. (2009) Interdisciplinary research: framing and reframing. Area 41: 385–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagdee, A., Kim, Y.-S. & Daugherty, P.J. (2006) What makes community forest management successful: a meta-study from community forests throughout the world. Society and Natural Resources 19: 33–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pahl-Wostl, C., Sendzimir, J. & Jeffrey, P. (2009) Resources management in transition. Ecology and Society 14: 46 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss#/art46/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennington, D. (2008) Cross-disciplinary collaboration and learning. Ecology and Society 13: 8 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art8/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, G.D., Cumming, G.S. & Carpenter, S.R. (2003) Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain world. Conservation Biology 17: 358–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, N., Lawrence, T.B. & Hardy, C. (2000) Inter-organizational collaboration and the dynamics of institutional fields. Journal of Management Studies 37: 23–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Policansky, D. (1999) Interdisciplinary problem solving: the national research council. Policy Sciences 32: 385–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pohl, C. (2005) Transdisciplinary collaboration in environmental research. Futures 37: 1159–1178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poncelet, E.C. (2004) Partnering for the Environment: Multi-stakeholder Collaboration in a Changing World. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Portes, A. (1995) By-passing and trespassing: explorations in boundaries and change. University of Maryland, Urban Studies and Planning Program, Maryland, USA.Google Scholar
Powell, W.W., White, D.R., Koput, K.W. & Owen-Smith, J. (2005) Network dynamics and field evolution: the growth of inter-organizational collaboration in the life sciences. American Journal of Sociology 110: 1132–1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raadgever, G.T., Mostert, E., Kranz, N., Interwies, E. & Timmerman, J.G. (2009) Assessing management regimes in transboundary river basins: do they support adaptive management? Ecology and Society 13: 14 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art14/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoten, D. & Parker, A. (2004) Risks and rewards of an interdisciplinary research path. Science 306: 2046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhoten, D., O'Connor, E. & Hackett, E.J. (2009) The act of collaborative creation and the art of integrative creativity: originality, disciplinarity, and interdisciplinarity. Thesis Eleven 96: 83–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro, N.F. (2005) A Questão Geopolítica na Amazônia: Da Soberania Difusa à Soberania Restrita. Brasília, Brazil: Senado Federal.Google Scholar
Rioja, G. (2005) Antropología de frontera: Investigación acción en la región trinacional MAP. Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana 43: 1–15.Google Scholar
Schellenberger, M. & Nordhaus, T. (2004) The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World [www document]. URL http://www.thebreakthrough.org/images/Death_of_Environmentalism.pdfGoogle Scholar
Schoenberger, E. (2001) Interdisciplinarity and social power. Progress in Human Geography 25: 365–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senge, P.M. (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York, NY, USA: Doubleday/Currency.Google Scholar
Senier, L., Hudson, B., Fort, S., Hoover, E., Tillson, R. & Brown, P. (2008) Brown superfunds basic research program: a multi-stakeholder partnership addresses real-world problems. Environment, Science and Technology 42: 4655–4662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, C.M., Cundill, G. & Knight, A.T. (2009) Beyond just research: experiences from southern Africa in developing social learning partnerships for resource conservation initiatives. Biotropica 41: 563–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanley, P. & Lopez, C. (2009) Out of the loop: why research rarely reaches policy makers and the public, and what can be done. Biotropica 41: 535–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shine, K.P. (2009) The global warming potential and the need for an interdisciplinary retrial. Climatic Change 96: 467–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shutkin, W.A. (2000) The Land That Could Be: Environmentalism and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, A. & Gray, T. (2006) The authenticity of ‘type two’ multi-stakeholder partnerships for water and sanitation in Africa: when is a stakeholder a partner? Environmental Politics 15: 362–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroup, R.L. & Goodman, S.L. (1992) Property rights, environmental resources, and the future. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 15: 427–455.Google Scholar
Thompson, P.M., Sultana, P. & Islam, N. (2003) Lessons from community based management of floodplain fisheries in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management 69: 307–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toledo, A.P. (2006) Amazônia: Soberania ou Internacionalização. Belo Horizonte, Brazil: UFMG.Google Scholar
Van Oosten, C. 2004. Fading Frontiers? Local Development and Cross-border Partnerships in Southwest Amazonia. Utrecht, the Netherlands: University of Utrecht.Google Scholar
Velasquez Runk, J. (2009) Social and river networks for the trees: Wounaan's Riverine Rhizomic Cosmos and arboreal civilization. American Anthropologist 111: 456–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walters, C. (1986) Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York, NY, USA: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Werbach, A. (2004) Is environmentalism dead? [www document]. URL http://deathofenvironmentalism.com/documents/awer-bach_ied_final.pdf.Google Scholar
Wesselink, A. (2009) The emergence of interdisciplinary knowledge in problem-focused research. Area 41: 404–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, D. & Wright, M.R., eds (1994) Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, E.O. (1998) Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York, NY, USA: Knopf.Google Scholar
Wollenberg, E., Iwan, R., Limberg, G., Moeliono, M., Rhee, S. & Sudana, M. (2007) Facilitating cooperation during times of chaos: spontaneous orders and muddling through in Malinau District, Indonesia. Ecology and Society 12: 3 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art3/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wollenberg, E., Campbell, B., Dounias, E., Gunarso, P., Moeliono, M. & Sheil, D. (2009) Interactive land-use planning in Indonesian rain-forest landscapes: reconnecting plans to practice. Ecology and Society 14: 35 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art35/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wondolleck, J.M. & Yaffee, S.L. (2000) Making Collaboration Work: Lessons from Innovation in Natural Resource Management. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar