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Physiology of the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm during grain development and early seedling growth: new insights from cell and molecular biology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2007

Sian Ritchie ,
Sarah J. Swanson  and
Simon Gilroy
Sian Ritchie
Affiliation:
Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Sarah J. Swanson
Affiliation:
Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Simon Gilroy*
Affiliation:
Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
*
*Correspondence Tel: +1 (814) 863 9626 Fax: +1 (814) 865 9131 Email: sxg12@psu.edu
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Abstract

Cereal grain germination and early seedling growth involve the co-ordinated action of endosperm and embryo tissues to mobilize the storage reserves of the starchy endosperm. This mobilization is accomplished by hydrolases secreted from the aleurone and scutellar tissues. The breakdown products are then transported to the growing seedling by the scutellum. This resource-harvesting system is regulated at multiple levels. One well-defined aspect of control is brought about by the hormone gibberellin (GA). Gibberellin is released from the embryo upon imbibition and activates the aleurone cells. The secretory apparatus of the aleurone then proliferates, supporting increased hydrolase synthesis and secretion to degrade the starchy endosperm. The molecules that regulate this response to GA are now being increasingly characterized. Elements such as cGMP, calcium, calmodulin and protein kinases are well known as regulators in other eukaryotic cell types and are emerging as key control factors in the aleurone hormone response. However, superimposed upon this molecular regulatory system is another level of control, the structural pattern of tissues and stored macro- molecules that was laid down during grain development. It is the interaction of these structural motifs combined with the molecular regulatory mechanisms that ensure the appropriate timing and positioning of hydrolase production and endosperm reserve mobilization. This integrated control system ensures an extended release of nutrients to fuel early seedling growth.

Keywords

abscisic acidaleuroneamylasegibberellinscutellumsignal transduction
Type
Invited Review
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 10 , Issue 3 , September 2000 , pp. 193 - 212
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2000

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