¹ George Orwell, in December 1943, commented in The Tribune that it was difficult to go anywhere in London without feeling that Britain was an ‘occupied territory’. For details of American GIs in Britain, see Reynolds, David. J., Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain 1942–1945 (London: HarperCollins, 1996)Google Scholar.

² Breuen, William B., Operation Torch: The Allied Gamble to Invade North Africa (New York: St Martin's Press, 1985)Google Scholar.

³ United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States. The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1941–1943), also published as http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?id=FRUS.FRUS194143 (last visited 25 Feb. 2010).

⁴ This characterisation was popularised by the British comedian Tommy Trinder. The American GIs retaliated by calling their British hosts ‘underpaid, undersexed and under Eisenhower’.

⁵ Holmes, Richard, Acts of War: The Behavior of Men in Battle (New York: Free Press, 1985), ch. 1Google Scholar.

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⁷ Gardiner, Juliet, Over Here. The GIs in Wartime Britain (London: Collins and Brown, 1992)Google Scholar; Goedde, Petra, GIs and Germans. Culture, Gender and Foreign Relations 1945–1949 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003)Google Scholar.

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⁹ Ministry of Information, ed., Home Front Handbook 1945 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (hereafter HMSO), 1945; reprinted 2005); Longmate, Norman, How We Lived Then. A History of Everyday Life During the Second World War (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1971), 419–21 and 470–81Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Hancock, W. K. and Gowing, M. M., British War Economy (London: HMSO, 1949), 351–2Google Scholar, available at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Civil-WarEcon (last visited 28 Oct. 2010).

¹¹ Titmuss, Richard Morris, Problems of Social Policy (London: HMSO, 1950), chapter VII, Appendix II, 543–9Google Scholar.

¹² Summerfield, Penny, Women Workers in the Second World War (London: Routledge, 1989)Google Scholar.

¹³ Ibid. See also, Summerfield, Penny, Reconstructing Women's Wartime Lives: Discourse and Subjectivity in Oral Histories of the Second World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998)Google Scholar.

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¹⁵ Todd, Selina, Young Women, Work and Family in England, 1918–1950 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), esp. chapters 1 and 8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁸ FR 1635, ‘Women in Public Houses’, March 1943, and FR 1835, ‘Behaviour of Women in Public Houses’, June 1943, Mass Observation Archive, University of Sussex.

¹⁹ Langhamer, Claire, Women's Leisure in England, 1920–1960 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), ch. 4Google Scholar.

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²¹ Rose, Sonya O., Which People's War? National Identify and Citizenship in Wartime Britain 1939–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 71–106Google Scholar.

²² Many children of African-American descent still use the term ‘Afro-American’ or ‘Afro-German’, and it is commonly used in the literature. However, throughout this paper, the term ‘African-American’ is used to refer to biracial children of African descent.

²³ See also Reynolds, Rich Relations, ch. 14.

²⁴ See, for example, Gilroy, Paul, There Ain't no Black in the Union Jack: the Cultural Policies of Race and Nation, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 1992)Google Scholar.

²⁵ Bolero Combined Committee (London), 12 Aug. 1942, CO 876/14, Commonwealth Office Records, The National Archives, London (hereafter TNA).

²⁶ British American Liaison Board, progress report, 26 May 1944, CO 876/14, TNA. Smith, Graham, When Jim Crow Met John Bull: Black American Soldiers in World War II Britain (London: I. B. Tauris, 1987), 188–93Google Scholar.

²⁷ The conflicts are well documented in reports of soldiers and officers. See, for example, a report on http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/96/a1921196.shtml (last visited 26 Oct. 10). The personal impressions are confirmed by popular and academic studies. See Reynolds, D., ‘The Churchill Government and the Black American Troops in Britain During World War II’, Transactions of the Royal Society (Fifth Series), 35 (1985), 113–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thorne, Christopher G., ‘Britain and the Black G.I.s: Racial Issues and Anglo-American Relations in 1942’, in Thorne, Christopher G., ed., Border Crossings. Studies in International History (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 1988), 259–74Google Scholar; McGuire, Phillip, ed., Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II (Santa Barbara and Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1983)Google Scholar. A brief summary on the basis of newly accessible archival sources is B. Fenton, ‘Wartime GIs Went on Rampage of Rape and Murder’, The Daily Telegraph, 26 April 2006, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1516599/Wartime-GIs-went-on-rampage-of-rape-and-murder (last visited 26 Oct. 2010).

²⁸ An interesting account of this is found in Miss P. Arnold, diary 88/3/1, Imperial War Museum.

²⁹ Richmond, Anthony, Colour Prejudice in Britain: A Study of West Indian Workers in Liverpool 1941–1951 (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1954), 20Google Scholar. See also Solomos, John, Race and Racism in Britain, 3rd edn (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), ch. 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁰ Little, Kenneth L., ‘The Psychological Background of White-Coloured Contacts in Britain’, The Sociological Review, 35 (1943), 12–28, here 14, 18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³¹ See Rose, Which People's War, 254.

³² Smith, When Jim Crow, 203–4.

³³ Reynolds, Rich Relations, 220–37.

³⁴ Credible estimates of the number of GI-children are given in George Padmore to Walter White, 29 April 1947 and enclosed memo of 24 April, in NAACP papers, II/A, box 63I: ‘US Army-Brown Babies’.

³⁵ Shukert, Elfrieda Berthiaume and Scibetta, Barbara Smith, War Brides of World War II (Novato: Presidio Press, 1988)Google Scholar.

³⁶ Immigration and Naturalisation Service: Annual Report 1949, Table 9A and Annual Report 1950, Table 9A, Suitland, MD: Washington National Records Center. See also Carrier, N. H. and Jeffrey, J. R., eds., External Migration: A Study of the Available Statistics, 1815–1950 (London: HMSO, 1953), 40ffGoogle Scholar.

³⁷ Winfield, Pamela, Bye Bye Baby: The Story of the Children the GI's Left Behind (London: HMSO, 1992), 53–67Google Scholar.

³⁸ Ibid., 93–107. Kate Watson-Smyth, ‘GI Babies Abandoned During Second World War Reunite to Trace their Unknown Fathers’, The Independent, 8 July 2000; Eve-Ann Prentice, ‘No Peace for GI Babies’, The Times, 24 Dec. 2002; Plummer, Brenda Gayle, ‘Brown Babies: Race Gender and Policy after World War II’, in Plummer, Brenda Gayle, ed., Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights and Foreign Affairs 1945–1988 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 67–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁰ Ormus Davenport, ‘US Race Prejudice Dooms 1000 British Babies’, Reynolds News, 9 Feb. 1947.

⁴¹ The term ‘brown babies’, while problematic, is used in this paper, as it is still the term used widely by the biracial children of GIs (both of African and South-American descent) themselves.

⁴² Holden, Katherine, The Shadow of Marriage: Singleness in England 1914–1960 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

⁴³ Ann Evans in Kate Watson-Smyth, ‘GI Babies Abandoned’.

⁴⁴ Harold Moody, The World's Children, March 1946, 44, cited in http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/U/untold/programs/babies/page2.html (last visited 27 Feb. 2010).

⁴⁵ John E. Rankin, Congressional Record (House), 23 April 1947, vol.83, part 3, 3861.

⁴⁶ Extract from archival record held by HF Holidays Ltd., the organisation that subsequently leased the property.

⁴⁷ Information from the National Trust.

⁴⁸ Records about the Home, kept at Somerset Record Office, C/CHI/23, are still closed.

⁴⁹ Minutes of a meeting with the Home Secretary, 13 Dec. 1945, FO 371/51617, AN 3/3/45, Foreign Office Records, TNA.

⁵⁰ ‘The Babies They Left Behind’, Life, 23 Aug. 1948, 41–43.

⁵¹ Ibid., 41.

⁵² Bailkin, Jordanna, ‘The Postcolonial Family: West African Children, Private Fostering and the British State’, Journal of Modern History, 81, 1 (2009), 87–121, here 95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵³ Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Adoption of Children Act, 1926, House of Commons Debates, 7 April 1927, vol. 204, c2237.

⁵⁴ Hendrick, Harry, Child Welfare: Historical Dimensions, Contemporary Debate (Bristol: Policy Press, 2003), 133–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Keating, Jenny, A Child for Keeps: the History of Adoption in England, 1918–1945 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)Google Scholar, especially chapters 1 and 7.

⁵⁵ Schooler, Jayne, Searching for a Past: The Adopted Adult's Unique Process of Finding Identity (Colorado Springs: Pinon Press, 1995)Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Mochmann, Ingvill C., Lee, Sabine and Stelzl-Marx, Barbara, eds., Historical Social Research Special Focus Issue: Children Born of War: Second World War and Beyond, Historical Social Research, 34, 3 (2009)Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Brodzinsky, David M., Schechter, Marshall D. and Henig, Robin Marantz, Being Adopted: The Lifelong Search for Self (New York: Anchor, 1992)Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Winfield, Bye Bye Baby, 93–107.

⁵⁹ Hazel Carby, in the 2006 Dean's Lecture at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies, recalls her own childhood experiences as a (non-adopted) half-caste and powerfully describes the feeling of ‘otherness’ in what she refers of British racialised society. Hazel B. Carby, ‘Brown Babies: The Birth of Britain as a Racialized State, 1943–1948’, 2 Nov. 2006, http://www.radcliffe.edu/print/events/calendar_2006carby.htm (last visited 10 May 2010).

⁶⁰ Robbie W. commenting on his childhood in Winfield, Bye Bye Baby, 98.

⁶¹ Memo, Hqs, ETOUSA, for Gen Eisenhower, sub: Strength of the U.S. Forces, 30 April 45, in USFET SGS 320.3/2. See also Ziemke, Earl F., The US Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army (1990)Google Scholar; the American occupation of post-war Germany has been scrutinised beyond the purely military in detail elsewhere. See, for instance, Henke, Klaus Dietmar, Die amerikanische Besatzung Deutschlands (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1995)Google Scholar; McAllister, James, No Exit: America and the German Problem, 1943–1954 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002)Google Scholar.

⁶² Starr, Joseph R., Fraternisation with the Germans in World War II, Office of the Chief Historian, US European Command, Planning for the Occupation of Germany, Occupation Forces in Europe Series, 1945–46 (Frankfurt: U.S. European Command, 1947)Google Scholar.

⁶³ ‘Policy, Relationship Between Allied Occupying Troops and Inhabitants of Germany’, 12 Sept. 1944, Appendix to letter from Eisenhower to Commanding Generals, National Archives of College Park (hereafter NACP), Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (hereafter SHAEF), Record Group (hereafter RG) 331, file 091–4.

⁶⁴ Headquarters, Twelfth Army Group, ‘Special Orders for German-American Relations’ and accompanying letter to ‘John Jones’ (no date), File: 250.1–1, Box 12, G1 Decimal file 1944–1945, Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, RG 331 (SHAEF), NACP.

⁶⁵ See http://www.realmilitaryflix.com/public/464.cfm (last visited 31 Jan. 2010).

⁶⁶ Another example is an occupation booklet of 1945 titled ‘Don't Be a Sucker in Germany’, http://www.3ad.com/history/wwll/feature.pages/occupation.booklet.htm (last visited 06 May 2010). Distributed to troops in May 1945, this fifteen-page booklet was the 12th Army Group's basic primer for GIs as occupiers. One section on ‘Women’ included: ‘German women have been trained to seduce you. Is it worth a knife in the back?’

⁶⁷ Department of State, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, vol. 3, European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1968), 484.

⁶⁸ Leo Taub, ‘History of Military Censorship in the European Theater of Operations, World War II, 1941–1945’, in Records of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, European Theater of Operations, US Army, RG 498, NACP.

⁶⁹ Kleinschmidt, Johannes, ‘“German Fräuleins” – Heiraten zwischen amerikanischen Soldaten und Deutschen in der Besatzungszeit 1945–1949’, Frauen in der einen Welt, 4, 2 (1992), 42–58Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Report by Judy Barden cited in ‘The Good (Looking) Germans’, Newsweek, 25, 28 May 1945, 64.

⁷¹ Barden, Judy, ‘Candy-Bar Romance–Women of Germany’, in Settel, Arthur, ed., This is Germany (New York: William Sloane, 1950), 161–76Google Scholar; Ray Tucker citied in Philip H. Bucknell, ‘Plan Reported Studied to Send Wives Abroad’, Stars and Stripes, Paris, 16 July 1945.

⁷² ‘Officers Oppose Fraternizing Ban’, New York Times, 25 June 1945, 2.

⁷³ Percy Knauth, ‘Fraternisation: The Word Takes on a Brand-New Meaning in Germany’, Life, 2 July 1945, 26. On the GIs’ reputation in Europe, see ‘You Don't Know What You Want’, Time, 8 Oct. 1945, 30–1; (Serviceman's Name Withheld) to Time, 12 Nov. 1945, 6; Toni Howard, ‘The Idle GI and Liberated France are Mighty Tired of Each Other’, Newsweek, 19 Nov. 1945, 56–7.

⁷⁴ The role of women in National Socialist Germany is very complex and has been subject to thorough debates. For an overview, see Herkommer, Christina, Frauen in Nationalsozialismus: Opfer oder Täterinnen? Eine Kontroverse der Frauenforschung im Spiegel feministischer Theoriebildung und der allgemeinen historischen Aufarbeitung (Munich: Meidenbauer, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ ‘Zunahme der weiblichen Bevölkerung; Stand 29,10.1946’, Länderrat des amerikanischen Besatzungsgebietes: Memorandum über die soziale Lage in der US-Zone, Bundesarchiv Koblenz (hereafter BAK): Handakte Preller, 21, 965.

⁷⁶ Starr, Fraternisation, 81–82. See also, Ann Elisabeth Pfau, Miss Your Lovin. GI, Gender and Domesticity in WWII, available at http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau/chapter3.html (last visited 28 Oct. 2010), ch. 3, 22ff.

⁷⁷ Compare, for example, Naimark, Norman M., The Russians in Germany: A History for the Soviet Occupation Zone 1945–1949 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 69–140, esp. 113–115Google Scholar; and Grossmann, Atina, ‘A Questions of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers’, in Moeller, Robert G., ed., West Germany Under Construction: Politics, Society and Culture in the Adenauer Era (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 33–52Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Starr, Fraternisation, 83–4.

⁷⁹ Lilly, Robert, Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe During World War II (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)Google Scholar. See also John Willoughby, ‘The Sexual Behavior of American GIs During the Early Years of the Occupation of Germany’, Journal of Military History, 62, 1 (1998), 155–74.

⁸⁰ Zink, Harold, The United States in Germany, 1944–1955 (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1957), 137–8Google Scholar.

⁸¹ The figures are vague. The Statistisches Bundesamt specifies a number of 68,000 children of Allied soldiers who were born in the three Western zones and West Berlin between 1945 and 1955 (Sandra Dassler, ‘Verschwiegene Eltern’, Der Tagesspiegel, 25 Jan. 2006, 3). This is likely to be a conservative figure. More recent estimates, based on statistics compiled by Kai Grieg, which are widely regarded as reliable, assume a number closer to 96,000 children of American soldiers alone. (Kai Grieg, ‘The War Children of the World’, in War and Children Identity Project (WCIP) (Bergen, 2001), 8–9. As is now known from many personal accounts of GI-children, parents and relatives often agreed to maintain silence about the circumstances of conception and the identity of the biological father (see Winfield, Bye Bye Baby, chapters 1, 2, 5). This explains why not all children born of occupation soldiers appeared in the statistics. For details, see also BAK: B153/342, ‘Uneheliche Kinder von Besatzungsangehörigen’, 5 (no. 323).

⁸² See also Luise Frankenstein, Soldatenkinder: Die unehelichen Kinder ausländischer Soldaten mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mischlinge (Munich: Wilhelm Steinbach, 1954); Waldemar Oelrich, ‘Die unehelichen Besatzungskinder der Jahrgänge 1945 bis 1954 in Baden-Württemberg’, Statistische Monatshefte Baden-Württemberg, 2 (1956), 38–9.

⁸³ Habe, Hans, Our Love Affair with Germany (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1953), 10Google Scholar, cited in Goedde, GIs and Germans, 94.

⁸⁴ Annete Brauerhoch, ‘Fräuleins und GIs: Besonderheiten einer historischen Situation’, ForschungsForum Paderborn, http://kw.uni-paderborn.de/fileadmin/mw/Brauerhoch/downloads/FF-Brauerhoch.pdf (last visited 8 Jan. 2010).

⁸⁵ This has been investigated specifically for Austria in Ingrid Bauer, ‘The GI War Bride – Place Holder for the Absent? (De)constructing a Stereotype of Post-World War II Austrian History, 1945–55’, Homme: Zeitschrift fur Feministische Geschichtswissenschaft, 7, 1 (1996), 107–21.

⁸⁶ Koonz, Claudia, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, Family and Nazi Politics (London: Saint Martin's Press, 1986)Google Scholar. See also Brauerhoch, Fräuleins.

⁸⁷ Goedde, GIs and Germans, 95.

⁸⁸ Exact figures of the number of marriages do not exist. Joachim Kleinschmidt estimates that between 12,000 and 13,000 couples got married and around 20,000 women emigrated as war brides. Kleinschmidt, Johannes, ‘Amerikaner und Deutsche in der Besatzungszeit – Beziehungen und Probleme’, in Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, ed., Besatzer – Helfer – Vorbilder, Amerikanische Politik und deutscher Alltag in Württemberg-Baden 1945 bis 1949 (Baden-Württemberg: LpB, 1996), 35–54Google Scholar. American immigration statistics confirm this order of magnitude of marriages and emigration.

⁸⁹ Immigration and Naturalisation Service: Annual Report 1949, table 9A and Annual Report 1950, table 9A, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland.

⁹⁰ Buske, Sybille, Fräulein Mutter und ihr Bastard. Eine Geschichte der Unehelichkeit in Deutschland 1900–1970 (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2004), 195–210Google Scholar.

⁹¹ See relevant remarks in the files of the Ministry of the Interior in Baden-Württemberg, ‘Jugendwohlfahrt: Unterhalt für unehelich geborene Kinder von Mitgliegern ausländischer Streitkräfte’, Baden-Württembergisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStAStg), EA2/008. These files refer to children of foreign soldiers, and deal specifically with the American zone of occupation until 1955.

⁹² Information of Väter-Aktuell. See http://www.vaeter-aktuell.de/kriegskinder/Deutschland/USA-1945.htm (last visited 3 Oct. 2010).

⁹³ ‘Occupation’, Newsweek, 16 June1947, 48. See also Goedde, GIs and Germans, 94–101.

⁹⁴ König, René, Materialien zur Soziologie der Familie (Bern: Francke, 1946), 54Google Scholar.

⁹⁵ Schelsky, Helmut, Wandlungen in der deutschen Familie der Gegenwart (Dortmund: Ardey, 1953)Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ Friederike Nadig zur rechtlichen Stellung nichtehelicher Kinder, Parlamentarischer Rat. Stenographischer Bericht (Bonn, 1949), 18 Jan. 1949, 552.

⁹⁷ See Fehrenbach, Heide, Race After Hitler (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 31–9, 53–61, 80–8Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ For details, see Pascoe, Peggy, ‘Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of “Race” in 20th Century America’, in Hodes, Martha, ed., Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 464–90Google Scholar; also Stouffer, Samuel, The American Soldier: Studies in Social Psychology in World War II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949), 548Google Scholar; For comparative perspective on Britain, see also Rose, Sonya O., ‘Girls and GIs: Race, Sex, and Diplomacy in Second World War Britain’, International History Review, 19 (1997), 146–60, here 156–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰⁴ ‘What Has Become of the 94.000 Occupation Babies?’, Das Parlament, 19 Mar. 1952, cited in Inez Templeton, ‘What's so German About it? Cultural Identity in the Berlin Hip Hop Scene’, D.Phil. thesis, University of Stirling, 2005, 78.

¹⁰⁵ Survey poll, cited in Peter H. Koepf, ‘An Unexpected Freedom’, The Atlantic Times, 1 April 2009.

¹⁰⁶ Koepf, ‘Unexpected Freedom’.

¹⁰⁷ For details, see Irene Dilloo's letter to Ebony, April 1960, 20.

¹⁰⁸ The activities of Irene Dilloo are well documented in the Bundesarchiv, See BAK: B153/342 and in the Archiv des Diakonischen Werkes der Evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands (ADW), HGSt1161 and 1193.

¹⁰⁹ See, for example, the story of Udo Ackermann, ‘I Am a Miracle’, http://truemovies.com/forum/tm.aspx?m=1021&mpage=1&key=&#1021 (last visited 11 May 2010).

¹¹⁰ Faria, Yara-Colette Lemke Muniz de, Zwischen Fürsorge und Ausgrenzung. Afrodeutsche “Besatzungskinder” im Nachkriegsdeutschland (Berlin: Metropol, 2002)Google Scholar.

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¹¹⁵ Fehrenbach, Race, 149.

¹¹⁶ For details, see Fehrenbach, Race, 132–7 and 232, note 7.

¹¹⁷ Lemke de Faria, ‘Germany's Brown Babies’, 343–4.

¹¹⁸ See http://www.grammerchildren.com/ (last visited 26 Oct. 2010).

¹¹⁹ Stephanie Siek, ‘The Difficult Identities of Germany's Brown Babies’, Spiegel Online International, 13 Oct. 2009, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,651989,00.html (last visited 8 Jan. 2010).

¹²⁰ ‘Mammies für die Negerlein’, Stern, 27 Aug. 1950, 29; and ‘Mammies für die Negerlein’, Stern, 2 March 1952, 8; see also Correspondence from the editors of Revue to the State Youth Welfare Office, Marktredwitz, 22 Feb. 1952, BayHStA, MInn 81096.

¹²¹ Fehrenbach, Race, 140ff.

¹²² Eyferth, Klaus, ‘Eine Untersuchung der Neger-Mischlingskinder in Westdeutschland’, Vita Humana, 2 (1959), 102–14Google Scholar.

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¹²⁶ Ibid., 50, 56, 72.

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¹²⁹ Simonsen, ‘Into the Open’, 48.