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Protozoa of the digestive tract of herbivorous mammals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Burk A. Dehority
Burk A. Dehority
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, U.S.A.
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Abstract

Occurrence of protozoa in the digestive tract of herbivores is dependent upon the occurrence of an environmentally compatible section of the tract and a retention time for gut contents in that section which exceeds the protozoan generation time. In general, herbivores can be classified as pre-gastric (foregut) or post-gastric (hindgut) fermentors. Fermentation in the foregut has evolved through enlargement of the stomach in some way to slow down ingesta passage rate and provide physical separation of the ingesta from the acid-secreting regions, as well as an adequate production of buffered saliva. Hindgut fermentations occur in the caecum-proximal colon area. Most of the protozoa in the digestive tract of herbivorous mammals belong to the class Kinetofragminophorea in the orders Prostomatida, Trichostomatida and Entodiniomorphida. They are anaerobic, live in conjunction with a large bacterial population and can ferment the structural polysaccharides of plants. End products of protozoal fermentation are similar to those of the bacterial population, i.e. volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Additional products of the fermentation are vitamins and microbial protein which are subsequently utilized by foregut fermentors, whereas these products are essentially lost in hindgut fermentors unless they practice coprophagy. Only limited information is available on digestive and metabolic pathways of the gut protozoa, primarily because of our inability to grow them in axenic culture. Specific faunas appear to be associated with site of fermentation, animal species and diet. Diet in turn can affect pH and contents turnover time, both of which are very important in the establishment and growth of a protozoan population in the digestive tract.

Résumé

La présence de protozoaires dans le tractus intestinal des herbivores est fonction de la présence d'une section environnementale compatible du tractus et d'un temps de rétention du contenu intestinal dans cette section excédant la durée de génération du protozoaire. De manière générale les herbivores peuvent être classés en fermenteurs pré-gastriques (intestin antérieur) ou en fermenteurs post-gastriques (intestin postérieur). La fermentation dans l'intestin antéroeur a évolué à travers un agrandissement de l'estomac, pour en quelque sorte ralentir le débit du bol alimentaire et permettre une séparation physique du bol alimentaire et des régions à sécrétion acide, ainsi qu' à travers une production adéquate de salive tamponnée. Les fermentations dans l'intestin postérieur se produisent dans la région du colon caeco-proximal. La plupart des protozaires du tractus intestinal des mammifères herbivores appartiennent à la classe des Ciliés, ordres des Gymnostomatida, des Trichostomatida et des Entodiniomorphida. Ils sont anaerobiques, vivent en conjonction avec une large population bactérienne et peuvent fermenter les polysaccharides structuraux des plantes. Les produits finaux de la fermentation protozoaire sont similaires à ceux de la population bactérienne, c'est-à-dire acides gras volatiles, acide lactique, dioxide de carbone et hydrogène. Les produits additionnels de la fermentation sont des vitamines et des proteines microbiennes qui sont subséquemment utilisées par les fermenteurs “à intestin antérieur” alors que ces produits sont essentiellements perdus chez les fermenteurs “à intestin postérieur” sauf si ils pratiquent la coprophagie. Seulement des informations limitées sont disponibles sur les mécanismes digestifs et métaboliques des protozaires intestinaux, principalement à cause de notre incapacité à les cultiver en culture axénique. Des faunes spécifiques paraissent être associées au site de fermentation, à l'espèce animale et au régime alimentaire. La régime alimentaire peut à son tour affecté le pH et la durée de rétention du contenu, ces 2 facteurs étant très importants dans l'établissement et la croissance d'une population protozoaire dans le tractus intestinal.

Keywords

Ciliate protozoadigestive tractherbivorous mammalsforegut fermentationhindgut fermentationbacterial fermentation
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 7 , Special Issue 3: Progress in Entomology: Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Protozoology , June 1986 , pp. 279 - 296
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1986

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