Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T03:02:23.264Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A status report on AGN variability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2021

Paulina Lira
Paulina Lira*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino el Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile email: mailto:plira@das.uchile.cl
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are ubiquitous variable sources. This trademark property allows the study of many aspects of AGN physics which are not possible by other means. In this review I summarize what has been learnt by the close monitoring of AGN flux variations with special emphasis in studies conducted in optical and near-infrared domain. I also highlight what knowledge is still missing from our picture of AGN phenomena, as well as possible developments expected in this new era of time-domain astronomy.

Keywords

galaxies: activegalaxies: nucleisurveysmethods: statistical
Type
Contributed Papers
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 15 , Symposium S356: Nuclear Activity in Galaxies Across Cosmic Time , October 2019 , pp. 101 - 115
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Astronomical Union

References

Alexander, T. 1997, Astronomical Time Series, 16310.1007/978-94-015-8941-3_14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arévalo, P., Uttley, P., Kaspi, S., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 389, 1479CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arévalo, P., Uttley, P., Lira, P., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 397, 200410.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15110.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachev, R., Grupe, D., Boeva, S., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 399, 750CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahcall, J. N., Joss, P. C., Cohen, J. G., et al. 1973, ApJ, 184, 57B10.1086/152303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behar, E., Kaspi, S., Paubert, G., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 491, 352310.1093/mnras/stz3273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belloni, T. M. 2010, Lecture Notes in ’Physics, Berlin Springer Verlag, 5310.1007/978-3-540-76937-8_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellovary, J. M., Cleary, C. E., Munshi, F., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 2913Google Scholar
Bentz, M. C., Peterson, B. M., Pogge, R. W., et al. 2006, ApJ, 644, 13310.1086/503537CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentz, M. C., Peterson, B. M., Netzer, H., et al. 2009, ApJ, 697, 160Google Scholar
Bentz, M. C., Denney, K. D., Grier, C. J., et al. 2013, ApJ, 767, 14910.1088/0004-637X/767/2/149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R. D. & McKee, C. F. 1982, ApJ, 255, 41910.1086/159843CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breedt, E., Ar’evalo, P., McHardy, I. M., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 394, 42710.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14302.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breedt, E., McHardy, I. M., Arévalo, P., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 403, 60510.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16146.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, N. R. & Bloom, J. S. 2011, AJ, 141, 9310.1088/0004-6256/141/3/93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cackett, E. M., Horne, K., & Winkler, H. 2007, MNRAS, 380, 66910.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12098.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, D. T., McHardy, I., Dwelly, T., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 422, 902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherepashchuk, A. M. & Lyutyi, V. M. 1973, ApL, 13, 165Google Scholar
Chilingarian, I. V., Katkov, I. Y., Zolotukhin, I. Y., et al. 2018, ApJ, 863, 110.3847/1538-4357/aad184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clavel, J., Wamsteker, W., & Glass, I. S. 1989, ApJ, 337, 23610.1086/167100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collin, S., Kawaguchi, T., Peterson, B. M., et al. 2006, A&A, 456, 75Google Scholar
Combes, F., Garca-Burillo, S., Audibert, A., et al. 2019, A&A, 623, A79Google Scholar
Czerny, B., Wang, J.-M., Du, P., et al. 2019, ApJ, 870, 84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Rosa, G., Venemans, B. P., Decarli, R., et al. 2014, ApJ, 790, 14510.1088/0004-637X/790/2/145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Done, C., Gierliński, M., & Kubota, A. 2007, A&Ar, 15, 1Google Scholar
Du, P., Hu, C., Lu, K.-X., et al. 2014, ApJ, 782, 45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelson, R. A. & Krolik, J. H. 1988, ApJ, 333, 64610.1086/166773CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelson, R., Gelbord, J. M., Horne, K., et al. 2015, ApJ, 806, 12910.1088/0004-637X/806/1/129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelson, R., Gelbord, J., Cackett, E., et al. 2017, ApJ, 840, 4110.3847/1538-4357/aa6890CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmanoulopoulos, D., McHardy, I. M., & Uttley, P. 2010, MNRAS, 404, 93110.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16328.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falcke, H., Körding, E., & Markoff, S. 2004, A&A, 414, 895Google Scholar
Fausnaugh, M. M., Denney, K. D., Barth, A. J., et al. 2016, ApJ, 821, 5610.3847/0004-637X/821/1/56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fausnaugh, M. M., Starkey, D. A., Horne, K., et al. 2018, ApJ, 854, 10710.3847/1538-4357/aaaa2bCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo, L. C., Blue, D. M., Grupe, D., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 478, 255710.1093/mnras/sty1134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, E. & Done, C. 2017, MNRAS, 470, 359110.1093/mnras/stx946CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gezari, S., Hung, T., Cenko, S. B., et al. 2017, ApJ, 835, 14410.3847/1538-4357/835/2/144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gliozzi, M., Papadakis, I. E., Grupe, D., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 433, 170910.1093/mnras/stt848CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gliozzi, M., Papadakis, I. E., Grupe, D., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 464, 395510.1093/mnras/stw2636CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goad, M. R., Korista, K. T., De Rosa, G., et al. 2016, ApJ, 824, 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Martín, O. & Vaughan, S. 2012, A&A 544, A80Google Scholar
Graham, M. J., Ross, N. P., Stern, D., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 491, 492510.1093/mnras/stz3244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, J. E., Strader, J., & Ho, L. C. 2019, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1911.09678Google Scholar
Grier, C. J., Pancoast, A., Barth, A. J., et al. 2017, ApJ, 849, 14610.3847/1538-4357/aa901bCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grier, C. J., Trump, J. R., Shen, Y., et al. 2017, ApJ, 851, 2110.3847/1538-4357/aa98dcCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grier, C. J., Shen, Y., Horne, K., et al. 2019, ApJ, 887, 38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gronkiewicz, D. & Różańska, A., 2020, A&A, 633, 35Google Scholar
Hoormann, J. K., Martini, P., Davis, T. M., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 487, 365010.1093/mnras/stz1539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horne, K., Peterson, B. M., Collier, S. J., et al. 2004, PASP, 116, 46510.1086/420755CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, L., Fan, X., Vestergaard, M., et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 115010.1086/520811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y.-F., Stone, J. M., & Davis, S. W. 2013, ApJ, 778, 6510.1088/0004-637X/778/1/65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y.-F., Davis, S. W., & Stone, J. M. 2016, ApJ, 827, 1010.3847/0004-637X/827/1/10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y.-F., Blaes, O., Stone, J. M., et al. 2019, ApJ, 885, 14410.3847/1538-4357/ab4a00CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y.-F., Stone, J. M., & Davis, S. W. 2019, ApJ, 880, 67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, C., Done, C., Ward, M., et al. 2017b, MNRAS, 471, 70610.1093/mnras/stx1634CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, C., Done, C., & Ward, M. 2017a, MNRAS, 468, 366310.1093/mnras/stx718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasliwal, V. P., Vogeley, M. S., & Richards, G. T. 2015, MNRAS, 451, 432810.1093/mnras/stv1230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaspi, S., Smith, P. S., Netzer, H., et al. 2000, ApJ, 533, 63110.1086/308704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaspi, S., Maoz, D., Netzer, H., et al. 2005, ApJ, 629, 6110.1086/431275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, B. C., Bechtold, J., & Siemiginowska, A. 2009, ApJ, 698, 89510.1088/0004-637X/698/1/895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, B. C., Sobolewska, M., & Siemiginowska, A. 2011, ApJ, 730, 5210.1088/0004-637X/730/1/52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klimek, E. S., Gaskell, C. M., & Hedrick, C. H. 2004, ApJ, 609, 6910.1086/420809CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kollmeier, J. A., Zasowski, G., Rix, H.-W., et al. 2017, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1711.03234Google Scholar
Koshida, S., Minezaki, T., Yoshii, Y., et al. 2014, ApJ, 788, 15910.1088/0004-637X/788/2/159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozłowski, S. 2016, ApJ, 826, 11810.3847/0004-637X/826/2/118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurk, J. D., Walter, F., Fan, X., et al. 2007, ApJ, 669, 3210.1086/521596CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaMassa, S. M., Cales, S., Moran, E. C., et al. 2015, ApJ, 800, 14410.1088/0004-637X/800/2/144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, A., Watson, M. G., Pounds, K. A., et al. 1987,, 325, 694CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y.-R., Songsheng, Y.-Y., Qiu, J., et al. 2018, ApJ, 869, 13710.3847/1538-4357/aaee6bCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lira, P., Arévalo, P., Uttley, P., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 454, 36810.1093/mnras/stv1945CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lira, P., Arévalo, P., Uttley, P., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 129010.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18774.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lira, P., Kaspi, S., Netzer, H., et al. 2018, ApJ, 865, 5610.3847/1538-4357/aada45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H.-Y., Yuan, W., Dong, X.-B., et al. 2018, ApJs, 235, 4010.3847/1538-4365/aab88eCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohfink, A. M., Reynolds, C. S., Vasudevan, R., et al. 2014, ApJ, 788, 1010.1088/0004-637X/788/1/10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, C. L., Ross, N. P., Lawrence, A., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 457, 389CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandal, A. K., Rakshit, S., Kurian, K. S., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 475, 533010.1093/mnras/sty200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Palomera, J., Lira, P., Bhalla-Ladd, I., et al. 2019, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1912.02860Google Scholar
Martnez-Aldama, M. L., Czerny, B., Kawka, D., et al. 2019, ApJ, 883, 17010.3847/1538-4357/ab3728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martnez-Palomera, J., Lira, P., Bhalla-Ladd, I., et al. 2020, ApJ, 889, 113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzucchelli, C., Bañados, E., Venemans, B. P., et al. 2017, ApJ, 849, 91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McElroy, R. E., Husemann, B., Croom, S. M., et al. 2016, A&A, 593, L8Google Scholar
McHardy, I. M., Koerding, E., Knigge, C., et al. 2006, 444, 730CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHardy, I. M., Cameron, D. T., Dwelly, T., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 444, 146910.1093/mnras/stu1636CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHardy, I. M., Connolly, S. D., Peterson, B. M., et al. 2016, Astronomische Nachrichten, 337, 50010.1002/asna.201612337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLure, R. J. & Dunlop, J. S. 2004, MNRAS, 352, 1390CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehdipour, M., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Kaastra, J. S., et al. 2011, A&A, 534, A39Google Scholar
Mejía-Restrepo, J. E., Trakhtenbrot, B., Lira, P. et al. 2016, MNRAS, 460, 18710.1093/mnras/stw568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meja-Restrepo, J. E., Lira, P., Netzer, H., et al. 2018, Nature Astronomy, 2, 6310.1038/s41550-017-0305-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menou, K., Hameury, J.-M., & Stehle, R. 1999, MNRAS, 305, 79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merloni, A., Heinz, S., & di Matteo, T. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 105710.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07017.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mezcua, M., Suh, H., & Civano, F. 2019, MNRAS, 488, 68510.1093/mnras/stz1760CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, F. 1985, Recent Results on Cataclysmic Variables. The Importance of IUE and Exosat Results on Cataclysmic Variables and Low-Mass X-ray Binaries, 83Google Scholar
Middei, R., Bianchi, S., Cappi, M., et al. 2018, A&A, 615, A163Google Scholar
Mishra, B., Fragile, P. C., Johnson, L. C., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 463, 343710.1093/mnras/stw2245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, B., Kluźniak, W., Fragile, P. C., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 483, 4811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morales, A. M., Miller, J. M., Cackett, E. M., et al. 2019, ApJ, 870, 5410.3847/1538-4357/aaeff9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, J., Vogeley, M. S., Richards, G. T., et al. 2019, PASP, 131, 063001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundell, C. G., Ferruit, P., Nagar, N., et al. 2009, ApJ, 703, 80210.1088/0004-637X/703/1/802CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, A. D., Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Prakash, A., et al. 2015, ApJs, 221, 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Netzer, H. 2015, AR&AA, 53, 36510.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolan, P. L., Gruber, D. E., Matteson, J. L., et al. 1981, ApJ, 246, 49410.1086/158949CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onoue, M., Kashikawa, N., Matsuoka, Y., et al. 2019, ApJ, 880, 77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pal, M., Dewangan, G. C., Connolly, S. D., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 466, 177710.1093/mnras/stw3173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pal, M. & Naik, S. 2018, MNRAS, 474, 5351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Magneville, C., Yèche, C., et al. 2016, A&A, 587, A41Google Scholar
Pancoast, A., Brewer, B. J., Treu, T., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 307310.1093/mnras/stu1419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pei, L., Fausnaugh, M. M., Barth, A. J., et al. 2017, ApJ, 837, 13110.3847/1538-4357/aa5eb1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, C. M., Richards, G. T., Myers, A. D., et al. 2015, ApJ, 811, 9510.1088/0004-637X/811/2/95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, B. M. & Wandel, A. 1999, ApJl, 521, L9510.1086/312190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, B. M., Wanders, I., Horne, K., et al. 1998, PASP, 110, 66010.1086/316177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, B. M., Ferrarese, L., Gilbert, K. M., et al. 2004, ApJ, 613, 682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pozo Nuñez, F., Haas, M., Chini, R., et al. 2014, A&A, 561, L8Google Scholar
Pozo Nuñez, F., Ramolla, M., Westhues, C., et al. 2015, A&A, 576, A73Google Scholar
Ricci, C., Kara, E., Loewenstein, M., et al. 2020, ApJ, 898, L110.3847/2041-8213/ab91a1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, G. T., Myers, A. D., Gray, A. G., et al. 2009, ApJs, 180, 67Google Scholar
Risaliti, G., Elvis, M., Fabbiano, G., et al. 2005, ApJl, 623, L9310.1086/430252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, N. P., Ford, K. E. S., Graham, M., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 480, 446810.1093/mnras/sty2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruan, J. J., Anderson, S. F., Cales, S. L., et al. 2016, ApJ, 826, 188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruan, J. J., Anderson, S. F., Eracleous, M., et al. 2019, ApJ, 883, 7610.3847/1538-4357/ab3c1aCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumbaugh, N., Shen, Y., Morganson, E., et al. 2018, ApJ, 854, 16010.3847/1538-4357/aaa9b6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez, P., Lira, P., Cartier, R., et al. 2017, ApJ, 849, 110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez-Sáez, P., Lira, P., Cartier, R., et al. 2019, ApJs, 242, 10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadowski, A. 2016, MNRAS, 459, 4397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakura, N. I. & Sunyaev, R. A. 1973, A&A, 500, 33Google Scholar
Shapovalova, A. I., Popović, L. č., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 485, 479010.1093/mnras/stz692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shappee, B. J., Prieto, J. L., Grupe, D., et al. 2014, ApJ, 788, 48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shemmer, O., & Netzer, H. 2000, arXiv e-prints, astro-ph/0005163Google Scholar
Shen, Y. & Liu, X. 2012, ApJ, 753, 12510.1088/0004-637X/753/2/125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, Y., Horne, K., Grier, C. J., et al. 2016, ApJ, 818, 3010.3847/0004-637X/818/1/30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, Y., Wu, J., Jiang, L., et al. 2019, ApJ, 873, 35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simm, T., Salvato, M., Saglia, R., et al. 2016, A&A, 585, A129Google Scholar
Smith, K. L., Mushotzky, R. F., Boyd, P. T., et al. 2018a, ApJ, 857, 14110.3847/1538-4357/aab88dCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, K. L., Mushotzky, R. F., Boyd, P. T., et al. 2018b, ApJl, 860, L1010.3847/2041-8213/aac88cCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Śniegowska, M. & Czerny, B. 2019, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1904.06767Google Scholar
Starkey, D. A., Horne, K., & Villforth, C. 2016, MNRAS, 456, 1960CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starkey, D., Horne, K., Fausnaugh, M. M., et al. 2017, ApJ, 835, 6510.3847/1538-4357/835/1/65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, D., McKernan, B., Graham, M. J., et al. 2018, ApJ, 864, 2710.3847/1538-4357/aac726CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suganuma, M., Yoshii, Y., Kobayashi, Y., et al. 2006, ApJ, 639, 46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, E., Sullivan, M., Carrick, J., et al. 2019, The Messenger, 175, 58Google Scholar
Tadhunter, C. 2016, A&Ar, 24, 10Google Scholar
Tie, S. S., Martini, P., Mudd, D., et al. 2017, AJ, 153, 10710.3847/1538-3881/aa5b8dCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trakhtenbrot, B. & Netzer, H. 2012, MNRAS, 427, 308110.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22056.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trakhtenbrot, B., Netzer, H., Lira, P., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 710.1088/0004-637X/730/1/7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trakhtenbrot, B., Arcavi, I., MacLeod, C. L., et al. 2019, ApJ, 883, 9410.3847/1538-4357/ab39e4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troyer, J., Starkey, D., Cackett, E. M., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 456, 404010.1093/mnras/stv2862CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ursini, F., Petrucci, P.-O., Bianchi, S., et al. 2019, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1912.08720Google Scholar
Uttley, P. 2006, AGN Variability from X-rays to Radio Waves, 101Google Scholar
Uttley, P. 2015, in The Extremes of Black Hole Accretion, Proceedings of the conference held 8–10 June, 2015 in Madrid, SpainGoogle Scholar
Williams, P. R., Pancoast, A., Treu, T., et al. 2018, ApJ, 866, 7510.3847/1538-4357/aae086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willott, C. J., Albert, L., Arzoumanian, D., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 54610.1088/0004-6256/140/2/546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yip, C. W., Connolly, A. J., Vanden Berk, D. E., et al. 2009, AJ, 137, 512010.1088/0004-6256/137/6/5120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zu, Y., Kochanek, C. S., & Peterson, B. M. 2011, ApJ, 735, 8010.1088/0004-637X/735/2/80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuo, W., Wu, X.-B., Fan, X., et al. 2015, ApJ, 799, 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar