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¹⁹ In this context, the concept of economic constitution represented, on a supranational scale, the projection of the principles developed by German Ordoliberal theorists, who were very influential at the time the European integration process started, well beyond the borders of their country, also thanks to some prominent figures of Germany's political life in the 1950s and 1960s. See Simon Deakin, The Lisbon Treaty, the Viking and Laval Judgments and the Financial Crisis: In Search of New Foundations for Europe's “Social Market Economy,” in The Lisbon Treaty and Social Europe 19, 21 (Niklas Bruun ed., 2012); Christian Joerges, What Is Left of the European Economic Constitution? A Melancholic Eulogy, 30 Eur. L. Rev. 461 (2004); Florian Rödl, The Labour Constitution, in Principles of European Constitutional Law 623 (Arnin von Bogdandy & Jürgen Bast eds., 2010).Google Scholar

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²⁸ The rules governing the coordination of national social security systems are now contained in Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the coordination of social security systems (text with relevance for the EEA and for Switzerland) and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems.Google Scholar

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³⁴ In some cases, far beyond a literal interpretation of secondary law, and particularly of Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC, and 93/96/EEC (Text with EEA relevance) would allow, but, obviously, still within the scope of the European membership, which requires the possession of the citizenship of a Member State of the Union (and, therefore, excludes citizens of third countries). This is a serious limitation that tends to exclude citizens of third countries from the social integration status entitled to by European citizenship, undermining its effectiveness as fundamental status of individuals in the Union. The matter cannot be dealt with here. For a recent analysis of the intermediate status guaranteed to long-term resident third countries' immigrants by Directive 2003/109/EC, see Maurizio Ferrera, Free Movement, Immigration and Access to Welfare: Trends and Perspectives (Centro Einaudi—Laboratory of Comparative Politics and Public Philosophy, Working Paper LPF No. 3, 2011), http://www.centroeinaudi.it/lpf/working-papers/wp-all/8287-free-movement-immigration-and-access-to-welfare-trends-and-perspectives.html.Google Scholar

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¹²⁷ See Tribunal Constitucional [T.C. – Constitutional Court], Case No. 187/2013 (Apr. 2013) (Portugal).Google Scholar

¹²⁸ See TFEU art. 21.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Witte, Floris De, EU Law, Politics and the Social Question, 14 German L.J. 581 (2013).Google Scholar