Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T19:40:57.166Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Turning towards practices: on the common ground of international relations and European studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2022

Chiara De Franco*
Affiliation:
University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
*
Corresponding author. Email: cdf@sam.sdu.dk
Get access

Abstract

The so-called practice turn in International Relations (IR) has established a new paradigm that puts practitioners' quotidian doings front and centre of IR theorizing. It is proving to be an influential development also for area studies (AS) that share much of IR's scholarship and objects of study. This is certainly the case for European studies (ES) where the works of International Practice Theory (IPT) scholars has greatly contributed to raise attention to situated, mundane, and everyday practices of EU institutions. This article reviews the contribution of IPT scholars to ES to assess the added value of this research agenda and its potential to become a ‘trading zone’ where IR and ES/AS scholars can advance understanding of how the local and the global connect. It also identifies two challenges that have not been adequately addressed in the extant literature: (1) finding ways to theorize and empirically observe the transition from the level of situated practices to EU-wide doings (generalization challenge); and (2) assessing the exact role of interaction in structuring and transforming both the global and the local (challenge of relationism). The article ends by calling for a global practice theory as a way to tackle these two challenges.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Società Italiana di Scienza Politica

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, A (2014) Global international relations (IR) and regional worlds: a new agenda for international studies. International Studies Quarterly 58, 647659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler-Nissen, R (2014 a) Opting Out of the European Union: Diplomacy, Sovereignty and European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler-Nissen, R (2014 b) Symbolic power in European diplomacy: the struggle between national foreign services and the EU's external action service. Review of International Studies 40, 657681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler-Nissen, R (2016) Towards a practice turn in EU studies: the everyday of European integration special issue: another theory is possible: dissident voices in theorising Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies 54, 87103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler-Nissen, R and Drieschova, A (2019) Track-change diplomacy: technology, affordances, and the practice of international negotiations. International Studies Quarterly 63, 531545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler-Nissen, R and Kropp, K (2015) A sociology of knowledge approach to European integration: four analytical principles. Journal of European Integration 37, 155173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, E (2004)Communitarian International Relations: The Epistemic Foundations of International Relations. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, E (2008) The spread of security communities: communities of practice, self-restraint, and NATO's post-cold war transformation. European Journal of International Relations 14, 195230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, E (2009) Europe as a civilizational community of practice. In Katzenstein, PJ (ed.), Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives. London: Routledge, pp. 6790.Google Scholar
Adler, E and Pouliot, V (2011 a) International practices. International Theory 3, 136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, E and Pouliot, V (eds) (2011 b) International Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, DM (2012) The rise and fall of EU studies in the USA. Journal of European Public Policy 19, 755775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aris, S (2021) International vs. area? The disciplinary-politics of knowledge-exchange between IR and area studies. International Theory 13, 451482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barad, K (2007) Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning, 2nd Edn, Durham: Duke University Press Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, D (2009) Writing the world: disciplinary history and beyond. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 85, 322.Google Scholar
Bellamy, AJ (2016) The humanisation of security? Towards an international human protection regime. European Journal of International Security 1, 112133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicchi, F (2011) The EU as a community of practice: foreign policy communications in the COREU network. Journal of European Public Policy 18, 11151132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicchi, F (2016) Europe under occupation: the European diplomatic community of practice in the Jerusalem area. European Security 25, 461477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicchi, F and Bremberg, N (2016) European diplomatic practices: contemporary challenges and innovative approaches. European Security 25, 391406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigo, D (2000) When two become one: Internal and external securitisations in Europe. In Kelstrup, M and Williams, M (eds) International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security and Community. London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 171204.Google Scholar
Borzel, TA (2002) Pace-setting, foot-dragging, and fence-sitting: member state responses to Europeanization. Journal of Common Market Studies 40, 193214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P (1990) The Logic of Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourne, AK and Cini, M (2006) Introduction: Defining boundaries and identifying trends in European Union studies. In Cini, M and Bourne, AK (eds), Palgrave Advances in European Union Studies. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 118.Google Scholar
Brandenburg, NC (2017) EU mediation as an assemblage of practices: introducing a new approach to the study of EU conflict resolution. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 55, 9931008.Google Scholar
Bremberg, N (2016) Making sense of the EU's response to the Arab uprisings: foreign policy practice at times of crisis. European Security 25, 423441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueger, C (2012) From epistemology to practice: a sociology of science for international relations. Journal of International Relations and Development 15, 97109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueger, C (2016) Doing Europe: agency and the European Union in the field of counter-piracy practice. European Security 25, 407422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueger, C (2018) Territory, authority, expertise: global governance and the counter-piracy assemblage. European Journal of International Relations 24, 614637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueger, C and Gadinger, F (2007) Reassembling and dissecting: international relations practice from a science studies perspective. International Studies Perspectives 8, 90110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueger, C and Gadinger, F (2015) The play of international practice. International Studies Quarterly 59, 449460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueger, C and Gadinger, F (2018 a) Approaches in international practice theory I. In International Practice Theory. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueger, C and Gadinger, F (2018 b) Introducing international practice theory. In International Practice Theory. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caporaso, JA (1992) International relations theory and multilateralism: the search for foundations. International Organization 46, 599632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamlian, L (2019) European Union studies as power/knowledge dispositif: towards a reflexive turn. Culture, Practice & Europeanization 4, 5977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, S, Mandaville, PG and Bleiker, R (2001) The Zen of International Relations: IR Theory from East to West. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, NY: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornut, JC (2017) Practice turn in international relations theory. In The International Studies Encyclopedia. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
D'Amato, S, Dian, M and Russo, A (2022) Reaching for allies? The dialectics and overlaps between international relations and area studies in the study of politics, security and conflicts. Italian Political Science Review.Google Scholar
De Franco, C (forthcoming) The Logic of Narrativity: Recasting the Role of Language in International Practices.Google Scholar
De Franco, C and Gelot, L (forthcoming) Recasting Norm Contestation as a Transnational Field's Struggle: The Case of Human Rights Contestation in the EU-AU Strategic Partnership.Google Scholar
De Franco, C, Engberg-Pedersen, A and Mennecke, M (2019) How do wars end? A multidisciplinary enquiry. Journal of Strategic Studies 42, 889900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deneckere, M (2019) The Uncharted Path towards a European Peace Facility. Discussion Paper 248. ECDPM.Google Scholar
Diez, T (2005) Constructing the self and changing others: reconsidering ‘normative power Europe’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, 613636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diez, T and Wiener, A (2018) Introducing the mosaic of integration theory. In Wiener, A, Borzel, TA and Risse, T (eds), European Integration Theory, 3rd Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 124.Google Scholar
Ekengren, M (2018) Explaining the European Union's Foreign Policy: A Practice Theory of Translocal Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, C (2013 a) Theorizing agency in Hobbes's wake: the rational actor, the self, or the speaking subject? International Organization 67, 287316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, C (2013 b) Constructivism or the eternal return of universals in international relations. why returning to language is vital to prolonging the owl's flight. European Journal of International Relations 19, 499519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, C and Wæver, O (forthcoming) The Turn to Turns in International Relations.Google Scholar
Fawcett, L, Hall, TH, Hurrell, A and de Estrada, KS (2020) Contributor Introduction: Does international relations need area studies? In St Antony's International Review (STAIR) 16, 175176.Google Scholar
Featherstone, K and Radaelli, CM (2003) The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sdub/detail.action?docID=3052703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fierke, KM and Jabri, V (2019) Global conversations: relationality, embodiment and power in the move towards a global IR. Global Constitutionalism 8, 506535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flockhart, T (2013) Why Europe confounds IR theory. Contemporary Security Policy 34, 392396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M (2007) Security, Territory, Population. Senellart, M, Ewald, F and Fontana, A (eds). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.Google Scholar
Frost, M and Lechner, S (2016) Two conceptions of international practice: Aristotelian praxis or Wittgensteinian language-games? Review of International Studies 42, 334350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gahrn-Andersen, R (2019) But language too is material!. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 18, 169183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godefroy, B and Chinitz, D (2019) More Good Than Harm: Why the EU Must Learn From Others’ Mistakes to Ensure Better Protection of Civilians through European Peace Facility (EPF) Activities. Center for Civilians in Conflict (CIVIC) (blog). August 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Græger, N (2016) European security as practice: EU–NATO communities of practice in the making? European Security 25, 478501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, C (1993) The capability-expectations gap, or conceptualizing Europe's international role. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 31, 305328.Google Scholar
Hofius, M (2016) Community at the border or the boundaries of community? The case of EU field diplomats. Review of International Studies 42, 939967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huelss, H (2017) After decision-making: the operationalization of norms in international relations. International Theory 9, 381409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hui, A (2017) Variations and the intersection of practices. In Hui, A, Schatzki, TR and Shove, E (eds), The Nexus of Practices: Connections, Constellations and Practitioners. New York: Routledge, pp. 5267.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, PJ (2002) Area studies, regional studies, and international relations. Journal of East Asian Studies 2, 127137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauppi, N (2003) Bourdieu's political sociology and the politics of European integration. Theory and Society 32, 775789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauppi, N (2018) Constructing transnational fields. In Kauppi, N (ed). Toward a Reflexive Political Sociology of the European Union: Fields, Intellectuals and Politicians. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 6988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauppi, N and Madsen, MR (2014) Fields of global governance: how transnational power elites can make global governance intelligible. International Political Sociology 8, 324330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeler, JTS (2005) Mapping EU studies: the evolution from boutique to boom field 1960–2001. Journal of Common Market Studies 43, 551582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, R (2002) Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis Group. Available at http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sdub/detail.action?docID=180846.Google Scholar
Keohane, R, Stephen Macedo, O and Moravcsik, A (2009) Democracy-enhancing multilateralism. International Organization 63, 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köllner, P, Sil, R and Ahram, A (2018) Comparative area studies. What it is, what it can do. In Ahram, A, Köllner, P and Sil, R (eds), Comparative Area Studies: Editors Methodological Rationales and Cross-Regional Applications. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, pp. 326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreppel, A (2012) The normalization of the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy 19, 635645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krotz, U and Maher, R (2011) International relations theory and the rise of European foreign and security policy. World Politics 63, 548579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurki, M (2011) Governmentality and EU democracy promotion: the European instrument for democracy and human rights and the construction of democratic civil Societies. International Political Sociology 5, 349366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuus, M (2014) Geopolitics and Expertise: Knowledge and Authority in European Diplomacy. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.Google Scholar
Kuus, M (2015) Symbolic power in diplomatic practice: matters of style in Brussels. Cooperation and Conflict 50, 368384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, H (2020) Normative power Europe or capability–expectations gap? The performativity of concepts in the study of European foreign policy. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 58, 962977.Google Scholar
Latour, B (1996) On interobjectivity. Mind, Culture, and Activity 3, 228245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leander, A (2008) Thinking tools. In Klotz, A and Prakash, D (eds), Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide, Research Methods Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 1127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lequesne, C (2015) EU foreign policy through the lens of practice theory: a different approach to the European external action service. Cooperation and Conflict 50, 351367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manners, I (2002) Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40, 235258.Google Scholar
Manners, I (2006) Normative power Europe reconsidered: beyond the crossroads. Journal of European Public Policy 13, 182199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manners, I and Whitman, R (2016) Another theory is possible: dissident voices in theorising Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 54, 318.Google Scholar
Martin, LL (2017) International institutions: weak commitments and costly signals. International Theory: A Journal of International Politics, Law and Philosophy 9, 353380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, LL and Simmons, BA (1998) Theories and empirical studies of international institutions. International Organization 52, 729757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mérand, F (2006) Social representations in the European security and defence policy. Cooperation and Conflict 41, 131152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mérand, F (2010) Pierre Bourdieu and the birth of European defense. Security Studies 19, 342374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mérand, F and Rayroux, A (2016) The practice of burden sharing in European crisis management operations. European Security 25, 442460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, A (1997) Taking preferences seriously: a liberal theory of international politics. International Organization 51, 513553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, A (1999) A new statecraft? Supranational entrepreneurs and international cooperation. International Organization 53, 267306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pace, M (2007) The construction of EU normative power. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 45, 10411064.Google Scholar
Pollack, MA (2001) International relations theory and European integration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 39, 221244.Google Scholar
Ralph, J and Gifkins, J (2017) The purpose of united nations security council practice: contesting competence claims in the normative context created by the responsibility to protect. European Journal of International Relations 23, 630653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ringmar, E (2014) The search for dialogue as a hindrance to understanding: practices as inter-paradigmatic research program. International Theory 6, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringmar, E (2016) How the world stage makes Its subjects: an embodied critique of constructivist IR theory. Journal of International Relations and Development 19, 101125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, T (1996) Exploring the nature of the beast: international relations theory and comparative policy analysis meet the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies 34, 5380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, T (2005) Neofunctionalism, European identity, and the puzzles of European integration. Journal of European Public Policy 12, 291309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, T (2012) Identity matters: exploring the ambivalence of EU foreign policy. Global Policy 3, 8795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosamond, B (2007) European integration and the social science of EU studies: the disciplinary politics of a subfield. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 83, 231252.Google Scholar
Rosamond, B (2014) Three ways of speaking Europe to the world: markets, peace, cosmopolitan duty and the EU's normative power. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 16, 133148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumford, C (2009) Introduction: The stuff of European studies. In Rumford, C (ed). The Sage Handbook of European Studies. London: Sage Publications, pp. 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schatzki, TR (1997) Practices and actions: A Wittgensteinian critique of Bourdieu and Giddens. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 27, 283308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swidler, A (2001) What anchors cultural practices. In Cetina, KK, Schatzki, TR and von Savigny, E (eds), The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, London: Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 83101.Google Scholar
Teti, A (2007) Bridging the gap: IR, middle east studies and the disciplinary politics of the area studies controversy. European Journal of International Relations 13, 117145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiilikainen, T (2019) Theory of European integration as a challenge to IR theories. Global Affairs 5, 477484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tortola, PD (2014) The limits of normalization: taking stock of the EU–US comparative literature. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, 13421357.Google Scholar
Turner, JH and Boyns, DE (2001) The return of grand theory. In Turner, JH (ed). Handbook of Sociological Theory, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Berlin: Springer, pp. 353378.Google Scholar
Warleigh, A (2006) Learning from Europe? EU studies and the re-thinking of ‘international relations’. European Journal of International Relations 12, 3151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, E (1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, A (2018) Contestation and Constitution of Norms in Global International Relations, 1st Edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar