Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-fqc5m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T21:00:16.476Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bronze Age Woollen Textile Production in England: A Consideration of Evidence and Potentials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2021

Mark Haughton
Affiliation:
Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK. Emails: mh850@cam.ac.uk; mlss@cam.ac.uk
Marie Louise Stig Sørensen
Affiliation:
Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK. Emails: mh850@cam.ac.uk; mlss@cam.ac.uk
Lise Bender Jørgensen
Affiliation:
NTNU - The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Historical and Classical Studies, 7491 Trondheim, Norway

Abstract

Responding to recent advances in knowledge about the first arrival of woollen sheep in Europe and linked investigations of textile remains on the Continent, this paper argues that our insight into the role of wool in the English Bronze Age needs rethinking. We argue that the relevant questions are: when did the procurement of and working with wool become a routine aspect of settlement life, and did the change from plant fibres to wool affect communities differently? The paper outlines some of the core research questions we need to consider and points to the necessity of triangulating between the evidence provided by textiles, faunal remains, and textile working tools to reach more comprehensive insights. The paper ends by indicating a further research question – namely whether the apparent differences in the ‘wool economy’ in different parts of Bronze Age Europe may suggest differences in ‘body politics’.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

Production de tissu de laine à l’âge du Bronze en Angleterre: etude de temoinage et de potential, de Mark Haughton, Marie Louise Stig Sørensen, et Lise Bender Jørgensen

En reponse à de récentes avancées dans notre connaissance de la prèmière arrivée des moutons à laine en Europe et des investigation qui y sont reliées de vestiges de textiles sur le continent, cet article argumente que notre connaisance du rôle de la laine dans l’âge du bronze anglais a besoin d’être repensée. Nous argumentons que les questions appropriées sont: quand l’achat et le travail de la laine sont-ils devenus un aspect routinier de la vie de l’occupation et est-ce-que le pasage des fibres végétales à la laine a eu des effets divers sur les communautés. L’article souligne certaines des questions fondamentales que nous avons besoin d’examiner et indique la nécessité d’une triangulation entre les témoinages fournis par les textiles, restes de faune et outils pour le travail du textile pour arriver à une compréhension plus complète. L’article se termine en indiquant une question de recherche supplémentaire, à savoir si les différences qui apparaissent dans l’économie de la laine dans diverses parties d’Europe de l’âge du Bronze pouvaient indiquer des différences dans les milieux politiques.

Zusammenfassung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Bronzezeitliche Produktion von Wolltextilien in England: Eine Betrachtung von Belegen und Möglichkeiten, von Mark Haughton, Marie Louise Stig Sørensen, und Lise Bender Jørgensen

Als Reaktion auf die jüngsten Fortschritte in unserem Wissen über die erste Ankunft von Wollschafen in Europa und die damit verbundenen Untersuchungen von textilen Überresten auf dem Kontinent argumentiert dieser Aufsatz, dass unser Verständnis der Rolle von Wolle in der englischen Bronzezeit überdacht werden muss. Wir argumentieren, dass die relevanten Fragen lauten: Wann wurde die Beschaffung und die Bearbeitung von Wolle zu einem Routineaspekt des Siedlungslebens? Hatte der Wechsel von Pflanzenfasern zu Wolle unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Gemeinschaften? Der Beitrag skizziert einige der zentralen Forschungsfragen, die wir berücksichtigen müssen, und weist auf die Notwendigkeit hin, zwischen den Erkenntnissen, die Textilien, tierische Überreste und Werkzeuge zur Textilverarbeitung ermöglichen, zu triangulieren, um zu umfassenderen Ergebnissen zu gelangen. Der Beitrag endet mit dem Hinweis auf eine weitere Forschungsfrage – nämlich, ob die offensichtlichen Unterschiede in der ‚Wollwirtschaft‘ in verschiedenen Teilen Europas in der Bronzezeit auf Unterschiede in der ‚Körperpolitik‘ hindeuten können.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Producción textil de lana durante la Edad del Bronce en Inglaterra: una reflexión de la evidencia y potenciales, por Mark Haughton, Marie Louise Stig Sørensen, y Lise Bender Jørgensen

En respuesta a los recientes avances en el conocimiento sobre la introducción de las ovejas de lana en Europa y las investigaciones relacionadas con estos restos textiles en el continente, este artículo sostiene que nuestra comprensión del papel de la lana en la Edad del Bronce inglesa necesita ser reevaluado. Sostenemos que las cuestiones relevantes son las referentes a ¿cuándo el abastecimiento y el trabajo de la lana llegan a ser un aspecto rutinario en los asentamientos, y cómo afectó el cambio de las fibras vegetales a la lana a las comunidades? Este artículo describe algunas de las preguntas de investigación fundamentales que necesitamos considerar y señala la necesidad de valorar la evidencia aportada por los textiles, los restos faunísticos y los útiles relacionados con la producción textil, con el objetivo de alcanzar un conocimiento completo. Este artículo acaba señalando una pregunta de investigación adicional sobre si las aparentes diferencias de la economía de la lana en las distintas partes de Europa durante la Edad del Bronce pueden sugerir diferencias en la ‘política corporal’.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Prehistoric Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andersson Strand, E. & Cybulska, M. 2013. Visualising ancient textiles – How to make a textile visible on the basis of an interpretation of an Ur III text. In Nosch, M.L., Kofoed, H. & Andersson Strand, E. (eds), Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East, 113–27. Oxford: Ancient Textiles 12 Google Scholar
Andersson Strand, E. & Nosch, M.-L. 2019. The wool zone in prehistory and protohistory. In Sabatini & Bergerbrant 2019a, 15–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arabaolaza, I., Ballin Smith, B., Clarke, A., Ramsay, S. & Walton Rogers, P. 2013. ARO5: Spinning the Yarn: A cist at Keas Cottage, Spinningdale. Archaeology Reports Online 5. Available at: https://www.archaeologyreportsonline.com/PDF/ARO5_Keas_Cottage.pdf [Accessed 25.11.2020]Google Scholar
Barber, E.J.W. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Google Scholar
Barford, P. 2016a. Fired clay. In C. Evans, G. Appleby & S. Lucy, Mucking Volume I. Lives in Land. Mucking Excavation by Margaret and Tom Jones, 1965–1978: Prehistory, context and summary, 196–7. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Barford, P. 2016b. Miscellaneous small finds. In C. Evans, G. Appleby & S. Lucy, Mucking Volume I. Lives in Land. Mucking Excavation by Margaret and Tom Jones, 1965–1978: Prehistory, context and summary, 194–6. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Barford, P.M. & Major, H. 1992. Later Bronze Age loomweights from Essex. Essex Archaeology and History 23, 117–20Google Scholar
Barrett, J. 1980. The pottery of the Later Bronze Age in lowland England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 46, 297319 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazzanella, M. 2012. Italy: Bronze Age. In Gleba & Mannering 2012, 203–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, C., Benecke, N., Küchelmann, H.C. & Suhrbier, S. 2020. Finding the woolly sheep: Meta-analysis of archaeozoological data from southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe. In Schier & Pollock 2020, 83–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender Jørgensen, L. 1986. Forhistoriske textile I Skandinavien – Prehistoric Scandinavian Textiles. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab Google Scholar
Bender Jørgensen, L. 1992. North European Textiles until AD 1000. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press Google Scholar
Bender Jørgensen, L. & Rast-Eicher, A. 2016. Innovations in European Bronze Age textiles. Prähistorische Zeitschrift 91(1), 68102 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender Jørgensen, L., Sofaer, J. & Sørensen, M.L.S. 2018. Creativity in the Bronze Age: Understanding innovation in pottery, textile, and metalwork production. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biddick, K. 1980. Animal bones from the second millennium ditches, Newark Road Subsite, Fengate. In Pryor, F. (ed.), Excavation at Fengate, Peterborough, England: The third report, 217–32. Leicester: Northamptonshire Archaeological Society Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2007. The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., Lobb, S., Richards, J. & Robinson, M. 1980. Two Late Bronze Age settlements on the Kennet gravels: Excavations at Aldermaston Wharf and Knight’s Farm, Burghfield, Berkshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 46, 217–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breniquet, C. 2020. Early wool of Mesopotamia, c. 7,000–3,000 bc: Between prestige and economy. In Schier & Pollock 2020, 17–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breniquet, C. & Michel, C. (eds). 2014. Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the beginning of sheep husbandry to institutional textile industry. Oxford: Ancient Textiles 17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broholm, H.C. & Hald, M. 1940. Costumes of the Bronze Age in Denmark: Contributions to the archaeology and textile history of the Bronze Age. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Google Scholar
Brown, N. & Medlycott, M. 2013. The Neolithic and Bronze Age Enclosures at Springfield Lyons, Essex: Excavations 1981–1991. Chelmsford: East Anglian Archaeology 149 Google Scholar
Carey, C., Jones, A.M., Allen, M.J. & Juleff, G. 2019. The social organisation of metalworking in southern England during the Beaker period and Bronze Age: Absence of evidence or evidence of absence? Internet Archaeology 52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.52.4 Google Scholar
Caswell, E. & Roberts, B. 2018. Reassessing community cemeteries: Cremation burials in Britain during the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600–1150 cal bc). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84, 329–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champion, T. 2011. South East Research Framework Resource Assessment and Research Agenda for the Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age periods (with additions in 2018 and 2019). Kent County Council. Available at: https://www.kent.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/93170/South-East-Research-Framework-Resource-Assessment-and-Research-Agenda-for-the-Middle-Bronze-Age-and-Iron-Age.pdf [Accessed 26.11.2020]Google Scholar
Chapman, A. 2012. A group of Bronze Age loomweights from Magna Park, Milton Keynes. Records of Buckinghamshire 52, 2532 Google Scholar
Chapman, P. 2020. Middle Bronze Age loomweights. In R. Atkins, J. Burke, L. Field & A. Yates, Middle Bronze Age and Roman Settlement at Manor Pit, Baston, Lincolnshire: Excavations 2002–2014, 138–9. Oxford: Archaeopress Google Scholar
Chapman, P. & Chapman, A. 2014. A Bronze Age pit, a late Iron Age enclosure and a Roman droveway and enclosures at Magna Park, Milton Keynes November 2006-June 2007. Unpublished Report 2014/92. MOLA: Northampton Google Scholar
Chowne, P., Cleal, R.M.J. & Fitzpatrick, A.P. 2001. Excavations at Billingborough, Lincolnshire, 1975–8: A Bronze-Iron Age settlement and salt-working site. Salisbury: East Anglian Archaeology 94Google Scholar
Clark, G. 1940. Prehistoric England. London: Batsford Google Scholar
Crellin, R.J. 2020. Archaeology and Change. London: Routledge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunnington, W. 1884. Some un-described articles in the Stourhead Collection. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 21, 256–64Google Scholar
Cussans, J.E.M. 2013. Animal bone. In Armit, I. & McKenzie, J. (eds), An Inherited Place: Broxmouth hillfort and the south-east Scottish Iron Age, 433–71. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Google Scholar
Doyle, R. 1967. Museum Newsletter. Panorama 11, 1321 Google Scholar
Ellison, A. 1981. Towards a socioeconomic model for the Middle Bronze Age in southern England. In Hodder et al. 1981, 413–38Google Scholar
Ellison, A. 1987. The Bronze Age settlement at Thorny Down: Pots, post-holes and patterning. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, 385–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, C. 2009. Fengate Revisited. Further Fen-edge excavations, Bronze Age fieldsystems & settlement and the Wyman Abbott/Leeds Archives. Cambridge: Cambridge Archaeological Unit Google Scholar
Fossøy, S.H. 2018. The production of Scandinavian Bronze Age textiles: Skill and creativity. In Bender Jørgensen, L., Sofaer, J. & Sørensen, M.L.S. (eds), Creativity in the Bronze Age: Understanding innovation in pottery, textile, and metalwork production, 115–26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, C. 1928. A Bronze Age refuse pit at Swanwick, Hants. Antiquaries Journal 8(3), 331–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frei, K.M., Mannering, U., Vanden Berghe, I. & Kristiansen, K. 2017. Bronze Age wool: Provenance and dye investigations of Danish textiles. Antiquity 91, 640–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillis, C. & Nosch, M.L. (eds). 2007. Ancient Textiles: Production, craft and society. Oxford: Ancient Textiles 1 Google Scholar
Gleba, M. 2012. From textiles to sheep: Investigating wool fibre development in pre-Roman Italy using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 3643–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleba, M. 2017. Tracing textile cultures of Italy and Greece in the early first millennium bc . Antiquity 91(359), 1205–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleba, M. & Harris, S. 2019. The first plant bast fibre technology: Identifying splicing in archaeological textiles. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(5), 2329–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleba, M. & Mannering, U. (eds). 2012. Textiles and Textile Production in Europe from Prehistory to ad 400. Oxford: Ancient Textiles 11 Google Scholar
Green, S. 2011. Report on the teeth from Black Patch. In Tapper 2011, 140–5Google Scholar
Greenwell, W. 1865. Notices of the examination of ancient grave-hills in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Archaeological Journal 22, 241–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grömer, K. 2016. The Art of Prehistoric Textile Making: The development of craft traditions and clothing in Central Europe. Vienna: Verlag des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien Google Scholar
Grömer, K. & Saliari, K. 2018. Dressing Central European prehistory – the sheep’s contribution. An interdisciplinary study about archaeological textile finds and archaeozoology. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie A 120, 127–56Google Scholar
Hambleton, E. 2008. Review of Middle Bronze Age–Late Iron Age Faunal Assemblages from Southern Britain. English Heritage: Research Department Report 71-2008 Google Scholar
Harman, M. 1978. The animal bones. In F. Pryor, Excavation at Fengate, Peterborough, England: The second report, 177–88. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum Google Scholar
Harris, S. 2012. From the parochial to the universal: Comparing cloth cultures in the Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology 15(1), 6197 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, S. 2015. Folded, layered textiles from a Bronze Age pit, pyre excavated from Over Barrow 2, Cambridgeshire, England. In Grömer, K. & Pritchard, F. (eds), Aspects of the Design, Production and Use of Textiles and Clothing from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Era, 7382. Budapest: NESAT XII Google Scholar
Harris, S. 2016. The charred textiles from the cremation deposit. In Jones 2016, 4951 Google Scholar
Harris, S. 2019. The challenge of textiles in Early Bronze Age burials: Fragments of magnificence. In Sabatini & Bergerbrant 2019a, 154–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, S. & Jones, A.M. 2017. Beautiful things: Textiles and fibre artefacts from an Early Bronze Age cremation, Whitehorse Hill, England. In Bravermanová, M., Březinová, H. & Malcolm-Davies, J. (eds), Archaeological Textiles – Links Between Past and Present, 2130. Praha: NESAT XIII Google Scholar
Hatting, T. 1983. Osteological Investigations on Ovis aries L. Videnskabelige Meddeleser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 144, 115–35Google Scholar
Haughton, M. 2018. Social relations and the local: Revisiting our approaches to finding gender and age in prehistory. A case study from Bronze Age Scotland. Norwegian Archaeological Review 51(1–2), 6477 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, J.W. 1973. Textiles and textile production in prehistoric Britain. Unpublished MA thesis, University of SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Henshall, A. 1950. Textiles and weaving appliances in prehistoric Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 16, 130–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodder, I., Isaac, G. & Hammond, N. (eds). 1981. Pattern of the Past: Studies in honour of David Clarke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Jones, A. & Quinnell, H. 2013. Daggers in the West: Early Bronze Age daggers and knives in the south-west Peninsula. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79, 165–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A.M. (ed.). 2016. Preserved in the Peat: An extraordinary Bronze Age burial on Whitehorse Hill, Dartmoor, and its wider context. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Killen, J.T. 2007. Cloth production in Late Bronze Age Greece: The documentary evidence. In Gillis & Nosch 2007, 50–8Google Scholar
Knight, M. 2019. Going to pieces: Investigating the deliberate destruction of Late Bronze Age swords and spearheads. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85, 251–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K. & Sørensen, M.L.S. 2019. Wool in the Bronze Age: Concluding reflections. In Sabatini & Bergerbrant 2019a, 317–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locker, A. 2000. Animal bone. In A. Lawson, Potterne 1982–5: Animal husbandry in later prehistoric Wiltshire, 101–19. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology Report 17 Google Scholar
Maltby, J.M. 1981. Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon animal husbandry: A review of the faunal evidence. In Jones, M. & Dimbleby, G. (eds), The Environment of Man: The Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon period, 155204. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 87 Google Scholar
Maltby, J.M. 1996. The exploitation of animals in the Iron Age: The archaeozoological evidence. In Champion, T.C. & Collis, J.C. (eds), The Iron Age in Britain and Ireland: Recent Trends, 1727. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Google Scholar
Mannering, U., Gleba, M. & Bloch Hansen, M. 2012. Denmark. In Gleba & Mannering 2012, 89–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Megaw, J.V.S. & Simpson, D.D.A. 1979. Introduction to British Prehistory from the Arrival of Homo Sapiens to the Claudian Invasion. Leicester: Leicester University Press Google Scholar
Melton, N., Montgomery, J., Roberts, B., Cook, G. & Harris, S. 2016. On the curious date of the Rylstone log-coffin burial. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82, 383–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Militello, P. 2007. Textile industry and Minoan palaces. In Gillis & Nosch 2007, 3645 Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2004. Migdale-Marnoch: Sunburst of Scottish metallurgy. In Shepherd, I.A.G. & Barclay, G.J. (eds), Scotland in Ancient Europe: The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Scotland in their European context, 217–46. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Google Scholar
Parfitt, K. & Needham, S. 2020. Ceremonial Living in the Third Millennium BC: Excavations at Ringlemere Site M1, Kent 2002-2006. London: British Museum Research Publication 217 Google Scholar
Pliny the Elder. Natural History III (H. Rackham trans. 2nd edn 1983), LVIII–XI. Cambridge, MA: Loebs Classical Library Google Scholar
Popkin, P.R.W., Baker, P., Worley, F., Payne, S. & Hammon, A. 2012. The Sheep Project (1): Determining skeletal growth, timing of epiphyseal fusion and morphometric variation in unimproved Shetland sheep of known age, sex, castration status and nutrition. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 1775–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pryor, F. 1996. Sheep, stockyards and field systems: Bronze Age livestock populations in the Fenlands of eastern England. Antiquity 70, 313–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rast-Eicher, A. 2008. Textilien, Wolle, Schafe der Eisenzeit in der Schweiz. Basel: Archäologie Schweiz Google Scholar
Rast-Eicher, A. 2015. Schnidejoch: Neolithische, bronzezeitliche und römische Geflechte und Gewebe. In Hafner, A. (ed.), Schnidejoch und Lötschenpass. Archäologie der prähistorischen, römischen und mittelalterlichen Passübergänge in den Berner Alpen, vol. 2, 30–8. Bern: Archäologischer Dienst des Kantons Bern Google Scholar
Rast-Eicher, A. 2018. In the beginning was the fibre. In Sofaer 2018, 117–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rast-Eicher, A. & Bender Jørgensen, L. 2013. Sheep wool in Bronze Age and Iron Age Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1224–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryder, M.L. 1983. Sheep and Man. London: Duckworth Google Scholar
Ryder, M.L. 1999. The human development of different fleece-types in sheep and its association with the development of textile crafts. In Pritchard, F. & Wild, J.P. (eds), Northern Archaeological Textiles, 122–8. Oxford: NESAT VII Google Scholar
Sabatini, S. & Bergerbrant, S. (eds). 2020a. The Textile Revolution in Bronze Age Europe: Production, specialisation, consumption. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Sabatini, S. & Bergerbrant, S. 2020b. Textile production and specialisation in Bronze Age Europe. In Sabatini & Bergerbrant 2020a, 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ScARF. nd. Organics. In ScARF National Framework: Bronze Age. Available at: https://scarf.scot/national/scarf-bronze-age-panel-report/4-material-culture-and-use-of-resources/4-4-organics/ [Accessed 01.11.2020]Google Scholar
Schier, W. & Pollock, S. (eds). 2020. The Competition of Fibres: Early textile production in Western Asia, South-east and Central Europe (10,000–500 bc). Oxford: Ancient Textiles 36 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serjeantson, D. 2007. Intensification of animal husbandry in the Late Bronze Age? The contribution of sheep and pigs. In Haselgrove, C. & Pope, R. (eds), The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, 8093. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Serjeantson, D. 2011. Review of Animal Remains from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Southern Britain. English Heritage: Research Department Report Series 29-2011 Google Scholar
Sheridan, A., Cameron, E., Cartwright, C., Davis, M., Dunster, J., Harris, S., Hurcombe, L., Inglis, J., Mould, Q., Solazzo, C. & Williams, H. 2016. The composite braided hair armband or bracelet. In Jones 2016, 7588 Google Scholar
Sherratt, A. 1981. Plough and pastoralism: Aspects of the secondary products revolution. In Hodder et al. 1981, 261–305Google Scholar
Sofaer, J. (ed.) 2018. Considering Creativity: Creativity, knowledge and practice in Bronze Age Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Google Scholar
Sørensen, M.L.S. 1997. Reading dress: The construction of social categories and identities in Bronze Age Europe. Journal of European Archaeology 5(1), 93114 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, M.L.S. 2010. Bronze Age bodiness – maps and coordinates. In Rebay-Salisbury, K., Sørensen, M.L.S. & Hughes, J. (eds), Body Parts and Bodies Whole: Changing relations and meanings, 5463. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Sørensen, M.L.S. 2014. The archaeological culture concept – hot or cold understandings. In Alexandersson, J., Andreeff, A. & Bünz, A. (eds), Med hjärta och hjärna. Eb vänbok till professor Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh, 247–58. Gothenburg: Göteborg Universitet Google Scholar
Spence, B. 2017. Balmachie Road, Carnoustie: Bronze Age hoard excavation. Glasgow: GUARD Archaeology Data Structure Report Project 4572 Google Scholar
Stevens, F. & Stone, J.F.S. 1939. The barrows of Winterslow. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 48, 174–82Google Scholar
Stevens, P. 2002. The animal bones. In Rudling, D. (ed.), Downland Settlement and Land-use: The archaeology of the Brighton Bypass, 188–91. London: Archetype Google Scholar
Štolcová, T. & Březinova, H. 2018. Textile fragments from the Bronze Age site of Tursko-Tĕšina, Czech Republic. In Sofaer 2018, 121–3Google Scholar
Tapper, R.Q. 2011. Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlement on the South Downs: The case study of Black Patch. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of SussexGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, S. 2014. Prehistoric copper extraction in Britain: Ecton Hill, Staffordshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80, 159206 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vicze, M. & Sørensen, M.L.S. forthcoming. Living in a Tell: Memory and abandonment. Százhalombatta-Földvár Phase I (Late Koszider). Százhalombatta: Matrica Museum Google Scholar
Webley, L. 2015. Rethinking Iron Age connections across the Channel and North Sea. In Anderson-Whymark, H., Garrow, D. & Sturt, F. (eds), Continental Connections: Exploring cross-Channel relationships from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age, 122–44. Oxford: Oxbow Books CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webley, L. & Adams, S. 2016. Material genealogies: Bronze moulds and their castings in Later Bronze Age Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82, 323–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webley, L., Adams, S. & Brück, J. 2020. The Social Context of Technology: Non-ferrous metalworking in later prehistoric Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Prehistoric Society Research Papers 11 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, C.J. (ed.) 2008. The Archaeology of South West England. South West Archaeological Research Framework. Taunton: Somerset County Council. Available at: https://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/swarf/publications.html [Accessed 26.11.2020]Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2017. East Chisenbury Midden, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire: Archaeological evaluation report. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology: Report 70241.01Google Scholar
Williams, R.A. & Le Carlier de Veslud, C. 2019. Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain: Major copper production from the Great Orme mine and European trade, c. 1600–1400 BC. Antiquity 93, 1178–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wincott Heckett, E. 2012. Scotland and Ireland. In Gleba & Mannering 2012, 428–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, W.K. 1993. Faunal remains. In C. Greatorex, An Archaeological Excavation at Patcham Fawcett School, Carden Avenue, Brighton, East Sussex, 2931. London: Archaeology South-East unpublished report Google Scholar
Worley, F., Baker, P., Popkin, P.R.W., Hammon, A. & Payne, S. 2016. The Sheep Project (2): The effects of plane of nutrition, castration and the timing of first breeding in ewes on dental eruption and wear in unimproved Shetland sheep. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 6, 862–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, D. 2007. Land Power and Prestige: Bronze Age field systems in southern England. Oxford: Oxbow Books CrossRefGoogle Scholar