Abstract
A new general-relativistic theory of cosmology, the dynamical variables of whichare those of Hubble's, namely distances and redshifts, is presented. The theorydescribes the universe as having a three-phase evolution with a deceleratingexpansion followed by a constant and an accelerating expansion, and it predictsthat the universe is now in the latter phase. The theory is actually a generalizationof Hubble's law taking gravity into account by means of Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity. The equations obtained for the universe expansion are elegantand very simple. It is shown, assuming Ω0 = 0.24, that the time at which theuniverse goes over from a decelerating to an accelerating expansion, i.e., theconstant expansion phase, occurs at 0.03 τ from the big bang, where τ is theHubble time in vacuum. Also, at that time the cosmic radiation temperature was11 K. Recent observations of distant supernovae imply, in defiance of expectations,that the universe's growth is accelerating, contrary to what has always beenassumed, that the expansion is slowing down due to gravity. Our theory confirmsthese recent experimental results by showing that the universe now is definitelyin a stage of accelerating expansion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Friedmann, A. (1922). Z. Phys. 10, 377; (1924) 21, 326.
Hubble, E. P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 15, 168 (1927); The Realm of the Nebulae (Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1936) [reprinted, Dover, New York, 1958].
Sommerfeld, A. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (Academic Press, New York, 1956).
Weinberg, S. Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity (Wiley, New York, 1972).
Landau, L. D., and Lifshitz, E. M. The Classical Theory of Fields (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979).
Peebles, P. J. E. Principles of Physical Cosmology (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1993).
Ohanian, H., and Ruffini, R. Gravitation and Spacetime (Norton, New York, 1994).
Carmeli, M. Classical Fields: General Relativity and Gauge Theory (Wiley, New York, 1982).
Papapetrou, A. Lectures on General Relativity (Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1974).
Struik, D. J. Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1961).
Carmeli, M. (1995). Found. Phys. 25, 1029; (1996) 26, 413.
Carmeli, M. (1997). Int. J. Theor. Phys. 36, 757.
Carmeli, M. Cosmological Special Relativity: The Large-Scale Structure of Space, Time and Velocity (World Scientific, Singapore, 1997).
Carmeli, M. Inflation at the early universe, In COSMO-97: First International Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe, Roszkowski, L., ed. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1998), p. 376.
Carmeli, M. Inflation and the early universe, In Sources and Detection of Dark Matter in the Universe, D. Cline, ed., (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998), p. 405.
Carmeli, M. Aspects of cosmological relativity, In Proceedings of the Fourth Alexander Friedmann International Seminar on Gravitation and Cosmology, Yu. N. Gnedin et al., eds. (Russian Academy of Sciences and the State University of Campinas, Brazil, 1999), pp. 155-169 [reprinted, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 38, 2005 (1999)].
Carmeli, M. (1997). Commun. Theor. Phys. 5, 159 (1996); 6, 45.
Freedman, W. L. HST highlight: The extragalactic distance scale, In Seventeenth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, Bo¨hringer, H., et al., eds. (New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1995), p. 192.
Freedman, W. L., et al., (1994). Nature 371, 757.
Pierce, M., et al., (1994). Nature 371, 385.
Schmidt, B., et al., (1995). Astrophys. J. 432, 42.
Riess, A., et al., (1995). Astrophys. J. 438, L17.
Sandage, A., et al., (1992). Astrophys. J. 401, L7.
Branch, D. (1992). Astrophys. J. 392, 35.
Shmidt, B., et al., (1992). Astrophys. J. 395, 366.
Saha, A., et al., (1995). Astrophys. J. 438, 8.
Peebles, P. J. E. Status of the big bang cosmology, In Texas/Pascos 92: Relativistic Astrophysics and Particle Cosmology, Akerlof, C. W., and Srednicki, M. A., eds. (New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1993), p. 84.
Riess, A. G., et al., (1998). Astron. J. 116, 1009.
Hogan, C. J., Kirshner, R. P., and Suntzeff, N. B. (1999). Sci. Am. 9, 46.
Einstein, A. Autobiographical Notes, In Albert Einstein Philosopher-Scientist, P. A. Schilpp, ed. (Open Court, La Salle and Chicago, Illinois, 1979).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Behar, S., Carmeli, M. Cosmological Relativity: A New Theory ofCosmology1. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 39, 1375–1396 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003651222960
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003651222960