Skip to main content
Log in

Challenges for Research Ethics and Moral Knowledge Construction in the Applied Social Sciences

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Certain critical accounts of conventional research practices in business and the social sciences are explored in this essay. These accounts derive from alternative social paradigms and their underlying assumptions about appropriate social inquiry and knowledge construction. Among these alternative social paradigms, metatheories, mindscapes, or worldviews are social constructionist, critical, feminist, and postmodern or poststructural thinking. Individuals with these assumptions and values for knowledge construction are increasingly challenging conventional scholarship in what has been referred to as paradigm debates or wars. Issues of incommensurability or cross-paradigmatic communication potentials, as well as reflexivity, are raised in terms of moral education and development potentials for applied social science fields. Barriers and suggestions for increased moral development in academic and professional communities are discussed. In particular, moral forums in which participants have enhanced intrapersonal and interpersonal communication skills appear to be needed to surface and share often taken-for-granted assumptions concerning moral knowledge construction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvesson, M. and S. Deetz: 1996, ‘Critical Theory and Postmodernism Approaches to Organizational Studies’, in S. Clegg, C. Hardy and W. Nord (eds.), Handbook of Organization Studies(Sage, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C.: 1985, Strategy, Change and Defensive Routines(Pitman, Boston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Astley, W. G. and R. F. Zammuto: 1992, ‘Organization Science, Managers and Language Games’, Organization Science 3(4), 443–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brauer, T.: 1996, ‘What Would You Expect of a Boy Named Sue?’, Systems Practice 9(4), 357–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brieschke, P. A.: 1992, ‘Reparative Praxis: Rethinking the Catastrophe That Is Social Science’, Theory Into Practice 31(2), 172–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. H., J. V. Vecchia and J. D. Schubert: 1995, ‘The Ethics of Academic Practice in a Postmodern Era’, American Behavioral Scientist 38(7), 957–962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulmer, M.: 1982, Social Research Ethics(Macmillan, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, G. and G. Morgan: 1979, Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis(Heinemann, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, G. and M. Reed: 1995, ‘Ethics and Morality, Side by Side’, Organization 2(2), 179–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calton, J. M.: 1997, ‘On the Positive Duty of Managers: Moral Agency in Community Conversations’, Proceedings of the International Association of Business and Society, 279–284.

  • Chia, R.: 1996. ‘The Problem of Reflexivity in Organizational Research: Towards a Postmodern Science of Organization’, Organization 3(1), 31–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deetz, S.: 1996, ‘Describing Differences in Approaches to Organization Science: Rethinking Burrell and Morgan and Their Legacy’, Organization Science 7(2), 195–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. and R. Crandall: 1978, Ethics in Social and Behavioral Research(University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Erwin, E., S. Gendin and L. Kleiman (eds.): 1994, Ethical Issues in Scientific Research: An Anthology(Garland Publishing, Inc., New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gareau, F. H.: 1988, ‘The Long, Uncertain Road to Social Science Maturity’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 29, 175–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gareau, F. H. and E. C. Gareau: 1986, ‘Are Social Scientists Biased Nationally?’, International Social Science Journal 3, 475–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C.: 1982, In a Different Voice(Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haan, N.: 1983, ‘An Interactional Morality of Everyday Life’, in N. Haan, R. N. Bellah, P. Rabinow and W. M. Sullivan (eds.), Social Science as Moral Inquiry(Columbia University Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassard, J.: 1988. ‘Overcoming Hermeticism in Organization Theory: An Alternative to Paradigm Incommensurabilty’, Human Relations 41(3), 247–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollinger, R.: 1994, Postmodernism and the Social Sciences: A Thematic Approach(Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, J. D. and L. A. Howard: 1995, ‘The Political Correctness Controversy Revisited; Retreat from Argumentation and Reaffirmation of Critical Dialogue’, American Behavioral Scientist 38(7), 963–975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, N. and P. Carter: 1991, ‘In Defense of Paradigm Incommensurability’, Organization Studies 12, 109–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, N. and H. Willmont: 1987, ‘Beyond Epistemology and Reflective Conversation: Towards Human Relations’, Human Relations 40(6), 361–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacques, R.: 1989. ‘The Inevitabilty of Philosophy: Method and the Social Consequences of Objectivity’, paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, Washington, DC.

  • Jacques, R.: 1992, ‘Critique and Theory Building: Producing Knowledge from the Kitchen’, Academy of Management Review 17(3), 582–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, A. J.: 1988, Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research(Sage, Newbury Park).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. 1970, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, Y. S. and E. G. Guba: 1989, ‘Ethics: The Failure of Positivist Science’, The Review of Higher Education 12(3), 221–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linstead, S.: 1994, ‘Objectivity, Reflexivity, and Fiction: Humanity, Inhumanity, and the Science of the Social’, Human Relations 47, 1321–1345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locker, K.: 1994, ‘The Challenge of Interdisciplinary Research’, Journal of Business Communication 31(2), 137–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, R. O. and I. I. Mitroff: 1981, Challenging Strategic Planning Assumptions(John Wiley & Sons, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • May, W.: 1980, ‘Doing Ethics: The Bearing of Ethical Theories on Fieldwork’, Social Problems 27(3), 358–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, G.: 1983, ‘Research Strategies: Modes of Eengagement’, in G. Morgan (ed.), Beyond Method: Strategies for Social Research(Sage, Beverly Hills, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, G. and L. Smircich: 1980, ‘The Case for Qualitative Research’, Academy of Management Journal 5(4), 491–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, R. A.: 1994, Critical Theory and Methodology(Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muruyama, M.: 1993, ‘Mindscapes, Individuals and Culture in Management’, Journal of Management Inquiry 2(2), 140–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin, D.: 1994, ‘Forbidden Research: Limits to Inquiry in the Social Sciences’, in E. Erwin, S. Gendin and L. Kleiman (eds.), Ethical Issues in Scientific Research(Garland Publishing, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, R. P.: 1993, ‘Organization Ethics from the Perspective of Praxis’, Business Ethics Quarterly 3(2), 131–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, I. and R. Dunford: 1996, ‘Conflicting Uses of Metaphors: Reconceptualizing Their Use in the Field of Organizational Change’, Academy of Management Review 21(3), 691–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, S. L.: 1991, ‘A Proposal for Corporate Reform: The Ethical Dialogue Group’, Business and Professional Ethics Journal 10(1), 67–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penslar, R. L. (ed.): 1995, Research Ethics: Cases and Materials(Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, N.: 1991, ‘The Sociology of Knowledge: Toward an Existential View of Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 10, 787–795.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakowski, C. A.: 1993, ‘The Ugly Scholar: Neocolonialism and Ethical Issues in International Research’, American Sociologist 24(3-4), 69–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, V. and W. Pasmore: 1989, ‘Knowledge and Interests in Organization Studies: A Conflict of Interpretation’, Organization Studies 10, 225–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reece, R. D. and H. A. Siegal: 1986, Studying People: A Primer in the Ethics of Social Research(Mercer University Press, Macon, GA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynold, P. D.: 1979, Ethical Dilemmas and Social Science Research(Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, J. D.: 1995, ‘From a Politics of Transgression Toward an Ethics of Reflexivity’, American Behavioral Scientist 38(7), 1003–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senge, P. M.: 1990, The Fifth Discipline(Doubleday, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrader-Frechette, K.: 1994, Ethics of Scientific Research(Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieber, J. E: 1982, The Ethics of Social Research(Vol. 1: Surveys and Interviews) (Springer-Verlag, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieber, J. E.: 1992, Planning Ethically Responsible Research: A Guide for Students and Internal Review Boards(Sage, Newbury Park, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swazey, J. P., M. S. Anderson and K. S. Lewis: 1993, ‘Ethical Problems in Academic Research’, American Scientist 81(6), 542–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tancredi, L. R.: 1995, ‘The Limits of Empirical Studies on Research Ethics’, Ethics and Behavior 5(3), 217–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townley, B.: 1994, Reframing Human Resource Management: Power, Ethics and the Subject at Work(Sage, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Veldsman, T. H.: 1990, ‘Fish without Water? Subject Philosophy as Study of the Water within which Industrial/Organizational Psychologists Swim’, Human Relations 43(4), 349–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, J. A. and F. Bird: 1987, ‘The Moral Dimension of Organizational Culture’, Journal of Business Ethics 6, 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, G. R. and D. A. Gioia: 1994, ‘Paradigms Lost: Incommensurability Vs. Structurationist Inquiry’, Organization Studies 15(4), 565–590.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Payne, S.L. Challenges for Research Ethics and Moral Knowledge Construction in the Applied Social Sciences. Journal of Business Ethics 26, 307–318 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006173106143

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006173106143

Keywords

Navigation