Abstract
The current alarming global crisis and extinction of biodiversity affect negatively the planet's biosphere. Conservation of biodiversity is one attempt to alleviate the pending extinction of the biosphere by humans. Genetic diversity, the basis of evolution by natural selection, is gravely threatened in the progenitors of cultivated plants and its exploration, evaluation, conservation in situ and ex situ is imperative to guarantee sustainable development. This is illustrated by the population genetics and ecology of two important progenitors of cereals wild, wheat and barley. The wild cereals are rich in adaptive genetic diversity in the Fertile Crescent, primarily in Israel, which is their center of origin and diversity. The 40–55% intrapopulation diversity level in the wild cereals contrasts sharply with the average of 80% in outbreeders. Genetic diversity in wild wheat and barley is structured, particularly in wild emmer wheat, as an 'archipelago' ecological and genetic structure. These include central, semi-isolated and ecologically peripheral and marginal isolated populations, where specific alleles and allele combinations predominate as coadapted blocks of genes, adaptive to diverse ecological stresses. These involve both physical (climatic and edaphic) and biotic (pathogens and parasites) stresses at macro- and microgeographical scales. Complementary in situ and ex situ conservation is imperative across the geographic range of these species, to safeguard their immensely important genetic resources for crop improvement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn, S. & S.D. Tanksley, 1993. Comparative linkage maps of the rice and maize genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7980–7984.
Alpert, K.B. & S.D. Tanksley, 1996. High-resolution mapping and isolation of a yeast artificial chromosome contig containing fw2.2: A major fruit weight quantitative trait locus in tomato. PNAS 93: 15503–15507.
Anikster, Y. & I. Noy-Meir, 1991. Studies of a wild wheat population at Ammiad, Israel. The wild-wheat field laboratory at Ammiad. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 351–362.
Anikster, Y., A. Eshel, S. Ezrati & A. Horovitz., 1991. Patterns of phenotypic variation in wild tetraploid wheat at Ammiad. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 397–418.
Anikster, Y., M. Feldman & A. Horovitz., 1997. The Ammiad experiment. In: N. Maxted, B.V. FordLloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall. pp. 239–253.
Atlas of Israel., 1970. Survey of Israel. Jerusalem: Ministry of Labour. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Avivi, L., 1978. High grain protein content in wild tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides Korn. Proc. 5th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp., New Delhi, pp. 372–380.
Baum, B.R., E. Nevo, D.A. Johnson & A. Beiles., 1997. Genetic diversity in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) in the Near East: a molecular analysis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 44: 147–157.
Brown, A.H.D. & D.J. Schoen., 1992. Plant population genetic structure and biological conservation. In: O.T. Sandlund, O.T., K. Hindar & A.H.D. Brown (Eds), Conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable Development. Scandinavian Univ. Press, pp. 88–104, Oslo.
Brown, A.H.D. & D.J. Schoen., 1994. Optimal sampling strategies for core collections of plant genetic resources. In: Loeschcke, V., J. Tomiuk & S.K. Jain (Eds), Conservation Genetics. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel.
Brown, A.H.D., D. Zohary & E. Nevo., 1978. Outcrossing rates and heterozygosity in natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum Koch in Israel. Heredity 41: 49–62.
Brown, A.H.D., M.W. Feldman & E. Nevo., 1980. Multilocus structure of natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum. Genetics 96: 523–536.
Brown, A.H.D., O.H. Frankel, D.R. Marshall & J.T. Williams (Eds), 1989. The Use of Plant Genetic Resources. Cambridge University Press.
Brown, H.D., M.T. Clegg, A.L. Kahler & B.S. Weir (Eds), 1990. Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources. Sinauer Assoc. Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Carver, B.F. & E. Nevo., 1990. Genetic diversity of photosynthetic characters in native populations of Triticum dicoccoides. Photosynth. Res. 25: 119–128.
Chalmers, K.J., R. Waugh, J. Waters, B.P. Forster, E. Nevo & W. Powell., 1992. Grain isozyme and ribosomal DNA variability in Hordeum spontaneum populations from Israel. Theor. Appl. Genet. 84: 313–322.
Dawson, I.K., K.J. Chalmers, R. Waugh & W. Powell., 1993. Detection and analysis of genetic variation in Hordeum spontaneum populations from Israel using RAPD markers. Mol. Ecol. 2: 151–159.
Dinnor, A., 1974. Role of wild and cultivated plants in the epidemiology of plant diseases in Israel. Ann. Rev. Phytopth., 12: 413–436.
Dinoor, A., N. Eshed, R. Ecker, Z. GerechterAmitai, Z. Solel, J. Manisterski & Y. Anikster., 1991. Fungal diseases of wild tetraploid wheat in a natural stand in northern Israel. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 481–500.
Ehrlich, P.R. & E.O. Wilson., 1991. Biodiversity Studies: Science and Policy. Science 253: 758–762.
Fahima, T., M. Roder, A. Grama & E. Nevo., 1998. Microsatellite DNA polymorphism divergence in Triticum dicoccoides accessions highly resistant to yellow rust. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 187–195.
Feldman, M., 1979. Genetic resources of wild wheats and their use in breeding. Monogr. Genet. Agrar. 4: 9–26.
Feldman, M. & E.R. Sears., 1981. The wild gene resources of wheat. Sci. Amer. 244: 102–112.
Felsenburg, T., A.A. Levy, G. Galili & M. Feldman., 1991. Polymorphism of high-molecular-weight glutenins in wild tetraploid wheat: spatial and temporal variation in a native site. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 451–480.
Fiedler, P.L. & S.K. Jain (editors)., 1992. Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation Preservation and Management. Chapman and Hall, New York and London.
FordLloyd, B.V. & N. Maxted., 1997. Genetic conservation information management. In: Maxted, N., B.V. FordLloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall; pp., 176–191.
Forster, B.P., C.N. Law, E. Nevo & W. Powell., 1990. Genetic strategies for improving the salt tolerance of wheat and barley. In Proceedings of the Intern. Symp. on Molecular and Genetic Approaches to Plant Stress. New Delhi, India; T31: 1–3.
Forster, B.P., L.L. Handley, H. Pakniyat, C.B. Scrimgeour, E. Nevo & J.A. Raven., 1994a. Genetic and ecological factors controlling carbon isotope discrimination in barley. Aspec. Appl. Biol. 38: 139–143.
Forster, B.P., H. Pakniyat, M. Macaulay, W. Matheson, M.S. Phillips, W.T.B. Thomas & W. Powell., 1994b. Variation in leaf sodium content of Hordeum vulgare (Barley) cultivar Maythorpe and its derived mutant cv. Golden Primise. Heredity 73: 249–253.
Forster, B.P., H. Pakniyat, C.G. Simpson, & L.L. Handley., 1995. Genetic control of salt tolerance in barley. In Induced Mutations and Molecular Techniques for Crop Improvement. Vienna, Austria. IAEA/FAO; 347–353.
Frankel, O.H. & E. Bennett., 1970. Genetic Resources in Plants Their Exploration and Conservation. Blackwell, Oxford.
Frankel, O.H. & J.G. Hawkes., 1975. Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Frankel, O.H. & M.E. Soule'., 1981. Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge Univ. Pres, Cambridge, England.
Frankel, O.H., A.H.D. Brown & J.J Burdon., 1995. The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gerechter-Amitai, Z.K. & R.W. Stubbs., 1970. A valuable source of yellow rust resistance in Israeli populations of wild emmer, Triticum dicoccoides Korn. Euphytica 19: 12–21.
Gerechter-Amitai, Z.K., C.H. van Silfhout & A. Grama., 1989. Yr15a new gene for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in Triticum dicoccoides sel. G25. Euphytica 43: 187–190.
Gillman, M., 1997. Plant population ecology. In Maxted, N., B.V. FordLloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall; pp., 114–131.
Grama, A., Z.KJ. Gerechter-Amitai & A. Blum., 1983. Wild emmer as donor of genes for resistance to stripe rust and for high protein content. Proc. 6th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. Kyoto, Japan: 187– 192.
Golenberg, E.M., 1986. Linkage relationships in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. Genetics 114: 1023–1031.
Golenberg, E.M., 1987. Estimation of gene flow and genetic neighborhood size by indirect methods in a selfing annual, Triticum dicoccoides. Evolution 41: 1326–1334.
Golenberg, E.M. & E. Nevo., 1987. Multilocus differentiation and population structure in a selfer, wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. Heredity 58: 951–956.
Handley, L.L., E. Nevo, J.A. Raven, R. Martinez-Carrasco, C.M. Scrimgeour, H. Pakniyat & B.P. Forster., 1994. Chromosome 4 controls potential water use efficiency (delta 13C) in barley. J. Exper. Bot. 45: 1661–1663.
Handley, L.L., D.R. Robinson, C.M. Scrimgeour, B.P. Forster, R.P. Ellis & E. Nevo., 1997a. Correlating molecular markers with physiological expression in Hordeum, a developing approach using stable isotopes. New Phytologist 137: 159–163.
Handley, L.L., D. Robinson, B.P. Forster, R.P. Ellis, C.M. Scrimgeour, D.C. Gordon, E. Nevo & J.A. Raven. 1997b. Shoot delta 15N correlates with genotype and salt stress in barley. Planta 201: 100–102.
Harlan, J.R., 1975. Our vanishing genetic resources. Science 188: 618–621.
Harlan, J. & D. Zohary., 1966. Distribution of wild wheats and barley. Science 153: 1074–1080.
Hawkes, J.G., 1983. The Diversity of Crop Plants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Hawkes, J.G., 1991. International workshop in dynamic in situ conservation of wild relatives ofmajor cultivated plants: Summary of final discussion and recommendations. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 529–536.
Hawkes, J.G., N. Maxted & D. Zohary., 1997. Reserve design. In: Maxted, N., B.V. FordLloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall; pp., 132–143.
Hawksworth, D.L. (Ed) 1995. Biodiversity, Measurement and Estimation. Chapman & Hall, London.
Holden, J., J. Peacock & T. Williams., 1993. Genes, Crops, and the Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Horovitz, A. & M. Feldman., 1991. Evaluation of the wild-wheat study at Ammiad. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 501–508.
Hunger, R.M., J.L. Sherwood, R.E. Pennington, B.F. Carver & E. Nevo., 1992. Reaction of native populations of Triticum dicoccoides to wheat soilborne mosaic. (Abstract). In Biological & Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseas. Vol. 7. APS Press.
IBPGR., 1985. Ecogeographical Surveying and In Situ Conservation of Crop Relative. IBPGR Secretariat, Rome.
Israel J. Bot. 1991. International Workshop on Dynamic in situ Conservation of Wild Relatives of Major Cultivated Plants. 2–5 April, 1991. Jerusalem, Israel. Abstracts of invited papers. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 509–519.
Jana, S. & E. Nevo., 1991. Variation in response to infection with Erysiphe graminis hordei andPuccinia hordei in somewild barley populations in a centre of diversity. Euphytica 57: 133–140.
Jaradat, A.A., 1989. Ecotypes and genetic divergence among sympatrically distributed populations of Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum spontaneum from the xeric region of Jordan. Theor. Appl. Genet. 89: 857–862.
Jaradat, A.A., 1997a. Wild emmer wheat in Jordan: I. ecotypes and phenotypic variation. Isr. J. Pl. Sci. 45: 31–37.
Jaradat, A.A., 1997b. Wild emmer wheat in Jordan: II. genetic distances between and within populations. Isr. J. Pl. Sci. 45: 39–44.
Jaradat, A.A., 1997c. Wild emmer wheat in Jordan: III. a core collection. Isr. J. Pl. Sci. 45: 45–51.
Jaradat, A.A. & B.O. Humeid., 1990. Morphological variation in Triticum dicoccoides from Jordan. In: Srvastava J.P. & A.B. Damania (Eds),Wheat genetic resources: Meeting diverse needs, pp. 215–222. Wily-Chayce, Chichester, UK.
Joppa, L.R., E. Nevo & A. Beiles., 1995. Chromosome translocations in wild populations of tetraploid emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 713–719.
Kahler, A.L., R.W. Allard, M. Krzakowa, C.R. Wehrhahn & E. Nevo., 1980. Associations between isozyme phenotypes and environment in the slender wild oat (Avena barbata) in Israel. Theor. Appl. Genet. 56: 31–47.
Kashi, Y., D. King & M. Soller., 1997. Simple sequence repeats as a source of quantitative genetic variation. Trends in Genetics 13: 74–78.
Keesing, V. & S.D. Wratten., 1997. Integrating plant and insect conservation. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, pp. 220–238.
Kimura, M., 1983. The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
King, D.G., M. Soller & Y. Kashi., 1997. Evolutionary tuning knobs. Endevour 21: 36–40.
Korol, A.B., I.A. Preygel & S.I. Preygel., 1994. Recombination Variability and Evolution. Chapman and Hall, London.
Krugman, T., O. Levy, J.W. Snape, B. Rubin, A. Korol & E. Nevo., 1997. Comparative RFLP mapping of the chlorotoluron resistance gene (Su1) in cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). Theor. Appl. Genet. 94: 46–51.
Lander, E.S., 1996. The new genomics: Global views of biology. Science 274: 536–539.
Lawrence, M.J. & D.F. Marshall., 1997. Plant population genetics. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, pp. 99–113.
Li, Y.C., T. Fahima, G.L. Sun, A. Beiles, A. Korol & E. Nevo., 1998. Molecular analysis of DNA polymorphism: a microgeographical edaphic differentiation in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. (Submitted).
Loeschcke, V., J. Tomiuk & S.K. Jain., 1994. Conservation Genetics. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel.
Maxted, N. & L. Guarino., 1997. Ecogeographic surveys In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, pp. 69–87.
Maxted, N. & J.G. Hawkes., 1997. Selection of target taxa. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, pp. 43– 68.
Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds) 1997a. Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, London.
Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.C. Hawkes., 1997b. Complementary conservation strategies. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, pp., 15–39.
Maxted, N., L. Guarino & M.E. Dulloo., 1997c. Management and monitoring. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford–Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, pp., 144–159.
Mitton, J.B., 1994. Molecular approaches to population biology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25: 45–69.
Moseman, J.G., E. Nevo & D. Zohary., 1983. Resistance of Hordeum spontaneum collected in Israel to infection with Erysiphe graminis hordei. Crop. Sci. 23: 1115–1119.
Moseman, J.G., M.A. ElMorshidy, E. Nevo & D. Zohary., 1984. Resistance of Triticum dicoccoides to infection with Erysiphe graminis tritici. Euphytica 33: 41–47.
Moseman, J.G., E. Nevo, Z.K. Gerechter-Amitai, M.A. ElMorshidy & D. Zohary., 1985. Resistance of Triticum dicoccoides collected in Israel to infection with Puccinia recondita tritici. Crop. Sci. 25: 262–265.
Moseman, J.G., E. Nevo & M.A. El-Morshidy., 1990. Reactions of Hordeum spontaneum to infection with 2 cultures of Puccinia hordei from Israel and the United States. Euphytica 49: 169–176.
Nevo, E., 1978. Genetic variation in natural populations: Patterns and theory. Theor. Pop. Biol., 13: 121–177.
Nevo, E., 1983a. Genetic resources of wild emmer wheat: Structure, evolution and application in breeding. In: Sakamoto, S., (Ed), Proc. 6th Intl. Wheat Genetics Symp.. pp. 421–431, Kyoto Univ. Kyoto, Japan.
Nevo, E., 1983b. Population genetics and ecology: The interface. In: D.S. Bendall (Ed). Evolution fromMolecules toMen. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge; 287–321.
Nevo, E., 1983c. Adaptive significance of protein variation. In: G.S. Oxford & D. Rollinson (Eds), Systematic Association. Special Volume 24 Protein Polymorphism: Adaptive and Taxonomic Significance. Academic Press, New York; 239–282.
Nevo, E., 1986a. Pollution and genetic evolution in marine organisms: Theory and Practice. In: Dubinsky Z. & Y. Steinberger (Eds), Environmental Quality and Ecosystem Stability Vol. IIIA/B pp. 841–848K, Bar Ilan Univ. Press, Ramat Gan.
Nevo, E., 1986b. Genetic resources of wild cereals and crop improvement: Israel, a natural laboratory. Isr. J. Bot. 35: 255–278.
Nevo, E., 1987. Plant genetic resources: Prediction by isozyme markers and ecology. In: Rattazi, M.C., J.G. Scandalios & G.S. Whitt (Eds) Isozymes, pp. 247–267, Current Topics in Biological Research., 16.
Nevo, E., 1988a. Genetic resources of wild emmer wheat revisited: genetic evolution, conservation and utilization. In: Miller T.E. & R.M.D. Koebner (Eds), Proceedings 7th Inter. Wheat Genetics Symp, pp., 121–126, Inst. of Plant Sci. Res. Cambridge, England.
Nevo, E., 1988b. Genetic diversity in nature: Patterns and theory. Evol. Biol. 23: 217–247.
Nevo, E., 1990. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics of isozymes: Patterns, theory and application. In Isozymes: Structure, Function and Use in Biology and Medicine. WileyLiss, Inc. 701–742.
Nevo, E., 1992. Origin, evolution, population genetics and resources for breeding of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in the Fertile Crescent. In: Shewry P.R., (Ed), Barley: Genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology, pp., 19–43, CAB Internat.
Nevo, E., 1995a. Genetic resources of wild emmer, Triticum dicoccoides for wheat improvement: News and Views. Proc. Intern. 8th Wheat Genet. Symp., 20–25 July, 1993. Beijing. pp. 79–87. China Agricultural Scientech Press, Beijing.
Nevo, E., 1995b. Asian, African and European biota meet at 'Evolution Canyon', Israel: Local tests of global biodiversity and genetic diversity patterns. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B262: 149–155.
Nevo, E., 1997. Evolution in action across phylogeny caused by microclimatic stresses at 'Evolution Canyon'. Theor. Pop. Biol. 52: 231–243.
Nevo, E., 1998a. 'Evolution Canyon': A natural microscale model of evolution in action. Plant Genetics Newsletter, Botanical Soc. of Amer. (in press).
Nevo, E., 1998b. Molecular evolution and ecological stress at global, regional and local scales: The Israeli perspective. Jour. Exp. Zool. (in press).
Nevo, E. & A. Beiles., 1988. Genetic parallelism of protein polymorphismin nature: Ecological test of the neutral theory ofmolecular evolution. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 35: 229–245.
Nevo, E. & A. Beiles., 1989. Genetic diversity of wild emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey: Structure, evolution and application in breeding. Theor. Appl. Genet. 77: 421–455.
Nevo, E. & A. Beiles., 1991. Genetic diversity and ecological heterogeneity in amphibian evolution. Copia 1991: 565–592.
Nevo, E. & A. Beiles., 1992. Aminoacid resources in the wild progenitor of wheats, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel: Polymorphisms and predictability by ecology and isozymes. Pl. Breed. 108: 190–201.
Nevo, E. & P.I. Payne., 1987. Wheat storage proteins: Diversity of HMWglutenin subunits in wild emmer from Israel. I. Geographical patterns and ecological predictability. Theor. Appl. Genet. 74: 827–836.
Nevo, E., D. Zohary, A.H.D. Brown and M. Haber., 1979. Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in Israel. Evolution 33: 815–833.
Nevo, E., A.H.D. Brown, D. Zohary, N. Storch & A. Beiles. 1981. Microgeographic edaphic differentiation in allozyme polymorphisms of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum, Poaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol., 138: 287–292.
Nevo, E., E. Golenberg, A. Beiles, A.H.D. Brown & D. Zohary., 1982. Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel. Theor. Appl. Genet. 62: 241–254.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles, N. Storch, H. Doll & B. Andersen. 1983. Microgeographic edaphic differentiation in hordein polymorphisms of wild barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 64: 123–132.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles & R. Ben-Shlomo., 1984a. The evolutionary significance of genetic diversity: Ecological, demographic and life history correlates. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 53: 13– 213.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles, Y. Gutterman, N. Storch & D. Kaplan. 1984b. Genetic resources of wild cereals in Israel and vicinity: I. Phenotypic variation within and between populations of wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. Euphytica 33: 717–735.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles, Y. Gutterman, N. Storch & D. Kaplan. 1984c. Genetic resources of wild cereals in Israel and vicinity. II. Phenotypic variation within and between populations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum. Euphytica 33: 737–756.
Nevo, E., J.G. Moseman, A. Beiles & D. Zohary., 1985. Patterns of resistance of Israeli wild emmer wheat to pathogens. I. Predictive method by ecology and alozyme genotypes for powdery mildew and leaf rust. Genetica 67: 209–222.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles & D. Zohary., 1986a. Genetic resources of wild barley in the Near East: Structure, evolution and application in breeding. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 27: 355–380.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles, D. Kaplan, N. Storch & D. Zohary. 1986b. Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild barley, Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae), in Iran. Plant Syst. & Evol., 153: 141–164.
Nevo, E., D. Zohary, A. Beiles, D. Kaplan & N. Storch. 1986c. Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in Turkey. Genetica 68: 203–213.
Nevo, E., A. Grama, A. Beiles & E.M. Golenberg., 1986d. Resources of high-protein genotypes in wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides in Israel. Predictive method by ecology and allozyme markers. Genetica 68: 215–227.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles, D. Kaplan, E.M. Golenberg, L. Olsvig-Whittaker & Z. Naveh., 1986e. Natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms: A microsite test revealing ecological genetic differentiation in wild barley. Evolution 40: 13–20.
Nevo, E. Z. Gerechter-Amitai, A. Beiles & E.M. Golenberg. 1986f. Resistance of wild wheat to stripe rust: Predictive method by ecology and allozyme genotypes. Pl. Syst. Evol., 153: 13–30.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles & D. Kaplan., 1988a. Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild emmer wheat in Turkey. Heredity 61: 31–45.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles & T. Krugman., 1988b. Natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms: A microgeographic climatic differentiation in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. Theor. Appl. Genet. 75: 529–538.
Nevo, E., A. Beiles & T. Krugman., 1988c. Natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms: microgeographic differentiation by edaphic, topographical and temporal factors in wild emmerwheat Triticum dicoccoides in Israel. Theor. Appl. Genet. 76: 737–752.
Nevo, E., M.G. Filippucci & A. Beiles., 1990. Genetic diversity and its ecological correlates in nature: Comparison between subterranean, fossorial and aboveground small mammals. In: Nevo E. & O.A. Reig (Eds), Evolution of Subterranean Mammals at the Organismal and Molecular Levels, pp. 347–366, Alan R. Liss Inc., New York.
Nevo, E., I. Noy-Meir, A. Beiles, T. Krugman & M. Agami. 1991a. Natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms: microgeographical spatial and temporal ecological differentiations in wild emmer wheat. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 419–449.
Nevo, E. Z. Gerechter-Amitai & A. Beiles., 1991b. Resistance of wild emmer wheat to stem rust: Ecological, pathological and allozyme assocations. Euphytica 53:121–130.
Nevo, E., B.F. Carver & A. Beiles., 1991c. Photosynthetic performance in wild emmer wheat Triticum dicoccoides: Ecological and genetic predictability. Theor. Appl. Genet. 81: 445–460.
Nevo, E., J. Gorham & A. Beiles., 1992a.Variation for 22Nauptake in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides in Israel: Salt tolerance resources for wheat improvement. J. Exp. Bot. 43: 511–518.
Nevo, E., J.W. Snape, B. Lavie & A. Beiles., 1992b. Herbicide response polymorphisms in wild emmer wheat: ecological and isozyme correlations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 84: 209–216.
Nevo, E., T. Krugman & A. Beiles., 1993. Genetic resources for salt tolerance in the wild progenitors of wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) and barley (Hordeum spontaneum) in Israel. Pl. Breed., 110: 338–341.
Nevo, E., T. Krugman & A. Beiles., 1994. Edaphic natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms in Aegilops peregina at a Galilee microsite in Israel. Heredity 72: 109–112.
Nevo, E., M.A. Pagnotta, A. Beiles & E. Porceddue., 1995. Wheat storage proteins: glutenin DNA diversity in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel and Turkey. III. Environmental correlates and allozymic associations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 415–420.
Nevo, E., R. Ben-Shlomo, A. Beiles, Y. Ronin, S. Blum & J. Hillel., 1996. DNA fingerprinting reveals ecological correlations and genetic parallelism of allozyme and mitochondrial DNA diversities in the actively speciating blind mole rats in Israel. In: Roger, S., S. Holmes & H.A. Lim (Eds), Gene Families: Structure, Function, Genetics and Evolution, pp. 55–70, World Publ.
Nevo, E., I. Apelbaum-Elkaher, J. Garty & A. Beiles., 1997a. Natural selection causes microscale allozyme diversity in wild barley and a lichen at 'Evolution Canyon', Mt. Carmel, Israel. Heredity 78: 373–382.
Nevo, E. V. Kirzhner, A. Beiles & A. Korol., 1997b. Selection versus random drift: longterm polymorphism persistence in small populations (evidence and modelling). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 352: 381–389.
Nevo, E., B. Baum, A. Beiles & D.A. Johnson., 1998. Ecological correlates of RAPD DNA diversity of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum in the Fertile Crescent. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 45: 151–159.
Newbury, H.J. & B.V. Ford-Lloyd., 1997. Estimation of genetic diversity. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach, pp., 192–206, Chapman and Hall.
Noy-Meir, I., M. Agami & Y. Anikster., 1991a. Changes in the population density of wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides) in a Mediterranean grassland. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 385–396.
Noy-Meir, I., M. Agami, E. Cohen & Y. Anikster., 1991b. Floristic and ecological differentiation of habitats within a wild wheat population at Ammiad. Isr. J. Bot. 40: 363–384.
Owuor, E., T. Fahima, A. Beiles, A. Korol & E. Nevo., 1997. Population genetic response to microsite ecological stress in wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum. Molec. Ecol. 6: 1177–1187.
Pagnotta, M.A., E. Nevo, A. Beiles & E. Porceddue., 1995. Wheat storage proteins: glutenin diversity in wild emmer, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel and Turkey. II. DNA diversity detected by PCR. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 409–414.
Pakniyat, H., W. Powell, E. Baird, L.L. Handley, D. Robinson, C.M. Scrimgeour, E. Nevo, C.A. Hackett, P.D.S. Caligari & B.P. Forster., 1997. AFLP variation in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) with reference to salt tolerance and associated ecogeography. Genome 40: 332–341.
Paterson, A.H., 1996. Genome Mapping in Plants. Landes Biomedical Publishing/Academic Press.
Plucknett, D.L., N.H.J. Smith, J.T. Williams & N.M. Anishetty., 1987. Gene Banks and the World's Food. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Prance, G.T., 1997. The conservation of botanical diversity. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach, pp., 1–4, Chapman and Hall.
Qualset, CLO., A.B. Damania, A.C.A. Zanatta & S.B. Brush. 1997. Locally based crop plant conservation. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach. pp., 160–175, Chapman and Hall.
Saghai-Maroof, M.A., R.M. Biyashev, G.P. Yang, Q. Zhang, & R.W. Allard., 1994. Extraordinarily polymorphic microsatellite DNA in barley: species diversity, chromosomal locations, and population dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:5466–5470.
Sandlund, O.T., K. Hindar & A.H.D. Brown., 1992. Conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable Development. Scandinavian Univ. Press, Oslo.
Segal, A., J. Manisterski, G. Fischbeck & I. Wahl., 1980. How plant populations defend themselves in natural ecosystems. In: Horsfall J.G. & E.B. Cowling (Eds), Plant Disease: AnAdvanced Treatise, Vol. 5 pp. 76–102, Academic Press. New York.
Segal, A., K.H. Dorr, G. Fischbeck, D. Zohary & I. Wahl. 1987. Genotypic composition and mildew resistance in natural populations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum. Z. Pflanzenzuchtung 99: 118–127.
Snape, J.W., E. Nevo, B.B. Parker, D. Leckie & A. Morgunov. 1991a. Herbicide response polymorphisms in wild populations of emmer wheat. Heredity 66: 251–257.
Snape, J.W., D. Leckie, B.B. Parker & E. Nevo., 1991b. The genetical analysis and exploitation of differential responses to Herbicides in crop species. In: Casley, J.C., G.W. Cussans & R.K. Atkin (Eds), Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops, pp. 305–317, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Soule', M.E. editor., 1986. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Asso. Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, MA.
Soule', M.E., 1987. Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Sun, G., T. Fahima, A. Korol, T. Turpeinen, A. Grama, Y. Ronin & E. Nevo., 1997. Identification of molecular markers linked to the Yr15 stripe rust resistance gene of wheat originated in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95: 622–628.
Tanksley, S.D. & S.R. McCouch., 1997. Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277: 1063–1066.
Valdes, B., V.H. Heywood, F.M. Raimondo & D. Zohary (eds.) 1997. Proceedings of theWorkshop on 'Conservation of theWild Relatives of European Cultivated Plants'. Azienda Foreste Demaniali della Regione Siciliana.
Weining, S. & R.J. Henry., 1995. Molecular analysis of the DNA polymorphism of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) germplasm using the polymerase chain reaction. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 42: 273–281.
Williams, J.T., 1997. Technical and political factors constraining reserve placement. In: Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd & J.G. Hawkes, (Eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The in situ Approach, pp. 88–98, Chapman and Hall.
Wilson, E.O., 1989. Threats to biodiversity. Scient. Amer. September 1989, pp. 60–66.
Wilson, E.O., 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
Wilson, E.O. & F.M. Petter., 1988. Biodiversity. Natl. Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Zohary, D., 1970. Center of diversity and centers of origin. In O.H. Frankel & E. Benett editors Genetic Resources in Plants their Exploration and Conservation. Blackwell, Oxford; 33–42.
Zohary, D. & M. Hopf., 1988. Domestication of plants in the Old World. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nevo, E. Genetic diversity in wild cereals: regional and local studies and their bearing on conservation ex situ and in situ. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 45, 355–370 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008689304103
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008689304103