Skip to main content
Log in

Recent Advances in Pacemaker Lead Technology

  • Published:
Cardiac Electrophysiology Review

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mond HG. Unipolar versus bipolar pacing—Poles apart. PACE 1991;14:1411–1424.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Medtronic, Inc. Product performance report. Medtronic, MN. February 1998.

  3. Mond H. The Cardiac Pacemaker. Function and Malfunction. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1973;60–66.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Schuchert A, Kuck KH. Influence of internal current and pacing current on pacemaker longevity. PACE 1994;17:13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bradycardia pacemaker longevity. Tech Memo, Sulzer Medica, Sept. 1997.

  6. Stokes K, Bird T. A new efficient nanotip lead. PACE 1990;13:1901–1905.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schaldach M, Bolz A, Breme J. Acute and long term sensing and pacing performance of pacemaker leads having TiN electrode tips. In: Antonioli GE, ed. Pacemaker Leads Amsterdam: Elsvier, 1991;441–450.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Skalsky M, McMichael A, Maddison D, Davis L. Evaluation of a new low polarisation, high impedance Pt/Ir coated porous 6mm2 dish electrode PACE 1985;8:788 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kreyenhagen P, Helland J. Evaluation of a titanium nitride coated tip electrode. In: Antonioli GE, Aubert AE (eds). Pacemaker Leads. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Pacemaker Leads, Ferrara: Elsevier, 1991;451–458.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Adler S, Spehr P, Allen J, Block W. Chronic animal testing of new cardiac pacing electrodes. PACE 1990;13:1896–1900.

    Google Scholar 

  11. McMichael A, Wilson A, Mond H, et al. A two year evaluation of two laser-porous electrodes. PACE 1987;10:743 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Elmqvist H, Schueller H, Richter G. The carbon tip electrode. PACE 1983;6:436–439.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gargeroglio B, Inguaggiato B, Chinaglia B, Cerise W. Initial results with an activated carbon tip electrode. PACE 1983;6:440–447.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ripart A, Mugica J. Electrode-heart interface: Definition of the ideal electrode. PACE 1983;6:410–421.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Moracchini PV, Cappelletti F, Melandri PF, Barberis MA, Maiolino P, Audoglio R. Titanium oxide tip electrode: A solution to minimize polarization and threshold increase. PACE 1985;8:A-85 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Schaldach M, Hubman M, Weikl A, Hardt R. Sputter-deposited TiN electrode coatings for superior sensing and pacing performance. PACE 1990;13:1891–1895.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tang C, Yeung-Lai-Wah JA, Qi A, Mills P, Clark J, Tyres F. Initial experience with a co-radial bipolar pacing lead. PACE 1997;20: 1800–1807.

    Google Scholar 

  18. DelBufalo AGA, Schlaepfer J, Fromer M, Kappenberger L. Acute and long-term ventricular stimulation thresholds with a new, Iridium oxide-coated electrode. PACE 1993;16:1240–1244.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Mond H, Stokes KB. The electrode-tissue interface: The revolutionary role of steroid elution. PACE 1992;15:95–107.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sibille Y, Reynolds H. Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defence and injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;41:471–501.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cameron J, Ciddor G, Mond H, Harper K, McKie J. Stiffness of the distal tip of bipolar pacemaker leads. PACE 1990;13:1915–1920.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Guerola M, Lindegren U. Clinical evaluation of membrane-coated 3,5 mm2 porous titanium nitride electrodes. In: Aubert AE, Ector H, Stroobandt R, eds. Euro-pace '93. Monduzzi Editore, 1993;447–450.

  23. Stokes K, Bornzin G. The electrode — biointerface: Stimulation. In: Barold SS, ed. Modern Cardiac Pacing. New York: Futura Publishing, 1985;33–77.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brewer G, McAuslan BR, Skalsky M, Mathivasin R. Initial screening of bio-active agents with potential to reduce stimulation threshold. PACE 1988;11;509 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kruse IM. Long-term performance of endocardial leads with steroid-eluting electrodes. PACE 1986;9:1217–1219.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Mond H, Stokes KB. The steroid-eluting electrode: A 10–year experience. PACE 1997;19:1016–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Mond HG. Development of low stimulation-threshold, low-polarization electrodes. In: Barold SS, Mugica J, eds. New Perspectives in Cardiac Pacing, vol. 2. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Company, Inc. 1991;133–162.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Pioger G. Low surface area electrodes: Comparison between Synox 60 BP (1.3mm2), Capsure Z 5034 (1.2mm2) and Stela BT26 (2mm2):158 cases. PACE 1997;20:1443 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hua W, Mond HG, Strathmore N. Chronic steroid eluting lead performance: A comparison of atrial and ventricular pacing. PACE 1997;20:17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hiller K, Rothschild JM, Fudge W, Kieser TM, Maitland A, Gillis A. A randomized comparison of a bipolar steroid-eluting lead and a bipolar porous platinum coated titanium lead. PACE 1991;14:695 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mathivanar R, Anderson N, Harman D, Skalsky M, Ng M. In vivo elution of drug eluting ceramic leads with a reduced dose of dexamethasone sodium phosphate. PACE 1990;13:1883–1886.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Schuchert A, Kuck KH. Benefits of smaller electrode surface area (4mm2) on steroid eluting leads. PACE 1991;14:2098–2104.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Mond HG, Hua W, Wang CC Atrial Pacing Leads: The clinical contribution of steroid elution. PACE 1995;18:1601–1608.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hua W, Mond H, Sparks P. The clinical performance of three designs of atrial pacing leads from a single manufacturer: The value of steroid elution. Eur. J.C.P.E 1996;6:99–103.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Greco OT, Ardito RV, Costa R, Martinelli M, Medeiros PT, Mateos JCP, Kormann DS. Sweet Tip Rx—A new type of atrial active fixation lead. PACE 1997;20:1462 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Stokes KB. Preliminary studies on a new steroid eluting epicardial electrode. PACE 1988;11:1797–1803.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Karpawich PP, Hakimi M, Arciniegas E. Improved chronic epicardial pacing in children: Steroid contribution to porous platinised electrodes. PACE 1992;15:1151–1157.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Grammage MD, Swoyer J, Moes R, 5044 Investigators. Initial experience with a new design parallel conductor, high impedance, steroid-eluting bipolar pacing lead. PACE 1997;20:1229 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tang C, Yeung-Lai-Wah JA, Qi A, Mills P, Clark J, Tyres F. Initial experience with a co-radial bipolar pacing lead. PACE 1997;20: 1800–1807.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Byrd CL, McArthur W, Stokes K, Sivina M, Yahr WZ, Greenberg J. Implant experience with unipolar pacing leads. PACE 1983;6:868–882.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Scheuer-Leeser M, Irnich W, Kreuzer J. Polyurethane Leads: Facts and Controversy. PACE 1983;6:454–458.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Timmis GC, Westveer DC, Martin R, Gordon S. The significance of surface changes on explanted polyurethane pacemaker leads. PACE 1983;6:845–857.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Stokes K, Urbanski P, Upton J. The in vivo auto-oxidation of polyether polyurethanes by metal ions. J Biomatr Sc., Polymer 1990;1:207.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Stokes KB, Church T. Ten-year experience with implanted polyurethane lead insulation. PACE 1986;9:1160–1165.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Medtronic family of Novus® Leads. Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN.

  46. Crossley GH, Brinkler JA, Reynolds D, et al. Steroid elution improves the stimulation threshold in an active-fixation atrial permanent pacing lead. Circulation 1995;92:2935.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Locator Steerable Stylet. A product of Pacesetter, AB Jarfalla Sweden.

  48. Morgan K, Bornzin GA, Florio J, Wolsleger W, Sholder J, Levine PA. A new single pass DDD lead. PACE 1997;20:1211 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hirschberg J, Ekwall C, Bowald S. DDD pacemaker system with single lead (SLDDD) reduces intravascular hardware. Long-term experimental study. PACE 1996;19:601 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hartung WM, Strobel JP, Taskiran M, Klein HU. “Overlapping bipolar impulse”—Stimulation using a single lead implantable pacemaker system first results. PACE 1996;19:601 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lucchese F, Halperin C, Strobel J, Schaldach M. Single lead DDD pacing with overlapping biphasic atrial stimulation—First clinical results. PACE 1996;19:601 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Daubert C, Leclercq C, Le Breton H, Gras D, Pavin D, Pouvreau Y, Van Verooij P, Bakels N, Mabo P. Permanent left atrial pacing with a specifically designed coronary sinus lead. PACE 1997;20:2755–2764.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bai Y, Strathmore N, Mond H, Grigg L, Hunt D. Permanent ventricular pacing via the great cardiac vein. PACE 1994;17:678–683.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Leclercq C, Cazeau S, Le Breton H. Acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular DDD pacing in patients with end-stage heart failure. JACC 1998;32:1825–1831.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Barold SS, Cazeau S, Mugica J, Carrigue S, Clementy J. Permanent multisite cardiac pacing. PACE 1997;20:2725–2729.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mond, H.G. Recent Advances in Pacemaker Lead Technology. Card Electrophysiol Rev 3, 5–9 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009923410323

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009923410323

Keywords

Navigation