Skip to main content
Log in

The Spirit Is Willing: Nonlinearity, Bifurcations, and Mental Control

  • Published:
Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences

Abstract

In recent years there has been considerable interest in the construction of nonlinear models of the dynamics of human behavior. In this exploratory article we argue that attempts at controlling problematic thoughts, emotions, or behaviors can lead to nonlinearity in mental/behavioral dynamics. We illustrate our model by fitting threshold autoregression models to self-recorded time series of the daily highs in intensity of anxiety and obsessive ruminations, kept by an individual in therapy for this problem. In our discussion, we raise the possibility that bifurcations that occur in this nonlinear model may offer insight into mental control paradoxes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Abarbanel, H. D. I. (1996). Analysis of observed chaotic data. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yam, Y. (1997). Dynamics of complex systems. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berecz, J. M. (1992). Understanding Tourette syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder, and related problems:Adevelopmental and catastrophe theory perspective. NewYork: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, W. A. & Durlauf, S. N. (1999). A formal model of theory choice in science. Economic Theory, 14, 113–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, W. A. & Durlauf, S. N. (2000). Interactions-based models. In Handbook of econometrics V. E. Leamer and J. Heckman (eds.), North Holland Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1992). Confidence, doubt and coping with anxiety. In Forgays, D. G., Sosnowski, T. & Wrzesniewski, K (eds.) Anxiety: Recent developments in cognitive, psychophysiological, and health research (pp. 13–22). Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1999). Themes and issues in the self-regulation of behavior. In Wyer, R. S. (ed.) Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition, Volume XII (pp. 1–105). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deissler, R. J. & Farmer, J. D. (1992). Deterministic noise amplifiers. Physica D, 55, 155–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. (1997). Nonlinear dynamics, mathematical biology, and social science. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgays, D. G. & Forgays, D. K. (1992). Isolation, anxiety reduction, and health. In Forgays, D. G., Sosnowski, T. & Wrzesniewski, K (eds.) Anxiety: Recent developments in cognitive, psychophysiological, and health research (pp. 229–244). Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guastello, S. J. (1995). Chaos, catastrophe, and human affairs: Applications of nonlinear dynamics to work, organizations, and social evolution. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, B. E. (1996). Inference when a nuisance parameter is not identified under the null hypothesis. Econometrica, 64, 413–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, B. E. (1997). Inference in TAR Models. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics. 2, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, B. E. (1999). Testing for linearity. Social Systems Institute Working Paper #9907. Madison, WI: Social Systems Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, B. E. (2000). Sample splitting and threshold estimation. Econometrica, 68, 575–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation-level theory: An experimental and systematic approach to behavior. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsee, C. K. & Abelson, R. P. (1991). Velocity relation: Satisfaction as a function of the first derivative of outcome over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 341–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S.J. (1999). Automaticity in Clinical Psychology. American Psychologist, 54, 504–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L.L. & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In Wyer, R. S., (ed.) Ruminative Thoughts: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume IX (pp. 1–47). Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parducci, A. (1995). Happiness, pleasure, and judgment: The contextual theory and its applications. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong, H. (1990). Non-linear time series: A dynamical system approach. New York: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallacher, R. R. & Nowak, A. (1994). The chaos in social psychology. In Vallacher, R. R. & Nowak, A. (eds.) Dynamical Systems in Social Psychology (pp. 1–16). NewYork: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, K., & Knox, K. (2000). Offense cycles, thresholds and bifurcations: Applying dynamical systems theory to the behaviors of adolescent sex offenders. Journal of Social Service Research, 27, 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, K., Hawkins, R. & Sprott, J. C. (2000). Substance abuse as a dynamical disease: Evidence and clinical implications of nonlinearity in a time series of daily alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviors, in press.

  • Wegner, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession and the psychology of mental control. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegner, D.M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegner, D. M. & Gold, D. B. (1995). Fanning old flames: Emotional and cognitive effects of suppressing thoughts of a past relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 782–792.

  • Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., White, T. L., (1987). Paradoxical Effects of Thought Suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegner, D. M. & Wenzlaff, R. M. (1996). Mental control. In Higgens, E. T.& Kruglanski, A.W. (eds.) Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles (pp 466–492). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Warren, K., Sprott, J.C. & Hawkins, R.C. The Spirit Is Willing: Nonlinearity, Bifurcations, and Mental Control. Nonlinear Dynamics Psychol Life Sci 6, 55–70 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012258019682

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012258019682

Navigation