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The Smoker's Paradox: Insights from the Angiographic Substudies of the TIMI Trials

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Abstract

Background: Despite increased risk for coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), smokers have a paradoxically lower mortality after thrombolysis for AMI than non-smokers. We determined the clinical risk profiles and coronary flow characteristics of patients in the TIMI trials according to smoking status, focusing on microvascular flow.

Methods: Among 2,573 patients in the TIMI 4, 10A, 10B and TIMI 14 trials, epicardial flow post-thrombolysis was measured using angiographic TIMI flow grades and the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC). Microvascular flow was measured by TIMI Myocardial Perfusion Grade (TMPG) and, in TIMI 14, the percentage of ST segment resolution.

Results: Clinically, the mean age (54 vs. 62 years), the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (11% vs. 16%) and hypertension (26% vs. 40%), and the 30-day mortality (2.6% vs. 6.2%) were lower among smokers than non-smokers (all p ≤ 0.001). Angiographically, single-vessel disease (48% vs. 40%) and non-left anterior descending infarct arteries (65.4% vs. 60.8%) were more common among smokers (both p ≤ 0.01). Epicardial TIMI grade 3 flow was achieved more often in smokers than non-smokers (61% vs. 56%) and the CTFC was faster (34 vs. 37 frames/sec, both p ≤ 0.01), especially in LAD lesions. However, the frequency of normal microvascular flow (TMPG 3) was similar among smokers and non-smokers (24% vs. 29%, p = 0.16), as was the frequency of complete ST segment resolution (50% vs. 46%, p = 0.29).

Conclusions: Smokers have lower mortality after AMI than non-smokers, due in large part to lower clinical risk profiles and faster epicardial flow. Differences in tissue-level perfusion do not appear to contribute to lower mortality in smokers.

Abbreviated Abstract. After acute MI, active smokers have lower acute mortality than non-smokers that appears to be largely explained by their healthier risk profiles, less extensive coronary disease, and faster epicardial blood flow after thrombolysis. Microvascular injury does not appear to play a major role in the lower mortality risk among smokers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA

    Brad G. Angeja, Sarah Kermgard & Michael S. Chen

  2. Brigham and Women's Hospital and the TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA

    Matthew McKay, Sabina A. Murphy, Elliott M. Antman, Christopher P. Cannon, Eugene Braunwald & C. Michael Gibson

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  1. Brad G. Angeja
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  2. Sarah Kermgard
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  3. Michael S. Chen
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  4. Matthew McKay
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  5. Sabina A. Murphy
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  6. Elliott M. Antman
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  7. Christopher P. Cannon
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  8. Eugene Braunwald
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  9. C. Michael Gibson
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Angeja, B.G., Kermgard, S., Chen, M.S. et al. The Smoker's Paradox: Insights from the Angiographic Substudies of the TIMI Trials. J Thromb Thrombolysis 13, 133–139 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020470721977

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