Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey

  • Published:
Biodiversity & Conservation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in thefamilies Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae were assessed throughout anextensive soil survey in Turkey during 1999 and 2000. Entomopathogenic nematodeswere recovered from six out of seven regions sampled, with 22 positive sites(2%) out of 1080 sites sampled. A single nematode isolate was recovered at eachof the positive sites, of which 15 were steinernematid isolates and seven wereheterorhabditid isolates representing a total of four species. Based onmorphometric and molecular data, the nematode species were identified asHeterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernemafeltiae, S. affine, andSteinernema n. sp. The most common species was S.feltiae, which was isolated from 10 sites in six regions, followed byH. bacteriophora from seven sites in five regions,S. affine from four sites in two regions, andSteinernema n. sp. from one site. Heterorhabditisbacteriophora and S. feltiae have been found inmany parts of the world, whereas S. affine, so far, hasonly been recovered in Europe until our survey. Steinernemaaffine was isolated from the European (Marmara) as well as theAsiatic region (Middle Anatolia) of Turkey. A new undescribedSteinernema sp. was isolated from the most eastern region(East Anatolia) of Turkey. Soils of the positive sites were classified as sandy,sandy loam, or loam (68.2%) and sandy–clay–loam or clay loam (31.8%) and the pHranged from 5.6 to 7.9. The habitats from which the entomopathogenic nematodeswere isolated were broadly classified as disturbed (59.1%), which includedagricultural fields and poplar planted for lumber and wind breaks, andundisturbed (40.9%), which included pine forest, grassland, marsh and reed sites.Steinernema feltiae, S. affine, andH. bacteriophora were recovered from both disturbed andundisturbed habitats. The new Steinernema sp. was recoveredfrom grassland. Our survey showed that these nematodes occur widely throughoutTurkey, but at a frequency below that reported for other parts of the world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bathon H. 1996. Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on non-target hosts. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 421–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedding R.A. and Akhurst R.J. 1975. A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil. Nematologica 21: 109–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackshaw R.P. 1988. A survey of insect parasitic nematodes in Northern Ireland. Nematologica 21: 109–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boemare N.E., Givaudan A., Brehelin M. and Laumond C. 1997. Symbiosis and pathogenicity of nematode–bacterium complexes. Symbiosis 22: 21–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovien P. 1937. Some types of association between nematodes and insects. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 101: 1–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnell A.M. and Stock S.P. 2000. Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts – lethal pathogens of insects. Nematology 2: 31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choo H.Y., Kaya H.K. and Stock S.P. 1995. Isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Korea. Japanese Journal of Nematology 25: 44–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constant P., Marchay L., Fischer-Le Saux M., Briand-Panoma S. and Mauléon H. 1998. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Guadeloupe islands. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21: 667–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers R.U., Deseö K.V. and Stackebrandt E. 1991. Identification of Steinernema spp. (Nematoda) and their symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. from Italian and German soils. Nematologica 37: 360–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgis R. and Manweiler S.A. 1994. Entomopathogenic nematodes: a developing biological control technology. Agricultural Zoology Reviews 6: 63–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glare T.R., Jackson T.A. and Zimmermann G. 1993. Occurrence of Bacillus Popilliae and 2 nematode pathogens in populations of Amphimallon solstitialis (Col, Scarabaeidae) near Darmstadt, Germany. Entomophaga 38: 441–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grewal P.S., Selvan S. and Gaugler R. 1994. Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology 19: 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin C.T., Chaerani R., Fallon D., Reid A.P. and Downes M.J. 2000. Occurrence and distribution of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. Journal of Helminthology 74: 143–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin C.T., Dix I., Joyce S.A., Burnell A.M. and Downes M.J. 1999. Isolation and characterization of Heterorhabditis spp. (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) from Hungary, Estonia, and Denmark. Nematology 1: 321–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin C.T., Joyce S.A., Dix I., Burnell A.M. and Downes M.J. 1994. Characterization of Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) from Ireland and Britain by molecular and cross-breeding techniques, and the occurrence of the genus in these islands. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17: 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin C.T., Moore J.F. and Downes M.J. 1991. Occurrence of insect parasitic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in the Republic of Ireland. Nematologica 37: 92–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin C.T., O'Callaghan K.M. and Dix I. 2001. A self-fertile species of Steinernema from Indonesia: further evidence of convergent evolution amongst entomopathogenic nematodes? Parasitology 122: 181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara A.H., Gaugler R., Kaya H.K. and LeBeck L.M. 1991. Natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from the Hawaiian islands. Environmental Entomology 17: 211–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazir S., Stock S.P., Kaya H.K., Koppenhöfer A.M. and Keskin N. 2001. Developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77: 243–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hominick W.M. and Briscoe B.R. 1990. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in British soils. Parasitology 100: 295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hominick W.M., Briscoe B.R., del-Pino F.G., Heng J., Hunt D.J., Kozodoy E. et al. 1997. Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols and definitions. Journal of Helminthology 71: 271–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hominick W.M., Reid A.P., Bohan D.A. and Briscoe B.R. 1996. Entomopathogenic nematodes – biodiversity, geographical distribution and the convention on biological diversity. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 317–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iraki N., Salah N., Sansour M.A., Segal D., Glazer I., Johnigk S.A. et al. 2000. Isolation and characterization of two entomopathogenic nematode strains, Heterorhabditis indica (Nematoda, Rhabditida), from the West Bank, Palestinian Territories. Journal of Applied Entomology 124: 375–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephrajkumar A. and Sivakumar C.V. 1997. A survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Entomology 59: 45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaya H.K. and Gaugler R. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annual Review of Entomology 38: 181–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaya H.K. and Stock S.P. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. In: Lacey L.A. (ed.), Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology. Academic Press, New York, pp. 281–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koppenhöfer A.M. 2000. Nematodes. In: Lacey L.A. and Kaya H.K. (eds), Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 283–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao C.Y., Tang L.C., Pai C.F., Hsiao W.F., Briscoe B.R. and Hou R.F. 2001. A new isolate of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema abbasi (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), from Taiwan. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77: 78–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu J. and Berry R.E. 1995. Natural distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Oregon soils. Environmental Entomology 24: 159–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luc P.V., Nguyen K.B., Reid A.P. and Spiridonov S.E. 2000. Steinernema tami sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Cat Tien Forest, Vietnam. Russian Journal of Nematology 8: 33–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason J.M., Razak A.R. and Wright D.J. 1996. The recovery of entomopathogenic nematodes from selected areas within Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Helminthology 70: 303–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Midituri J.S., Waeyenberge L. and Moens M. 1997. Natural distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) in Belgian soils. Russian Journal of Nematology 5: 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mráčcek Z. and Becvar S. 2000. Insect aggregations and entomopathogenic nematode occurrence. Nematology 2: 297–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mráček Z., Becvar S. and Kindlann P. 1999. Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes from the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitologica 46: 145–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mráček Z. and Jenser G. 1988. First report of entomogenous nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae from Hungary. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 23: 153–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mráček Z. and Webster J.M. 1993. Survey of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Rhabditida: Nematoda) in western Canada. Journal of Nematology 25: 710–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özer N., Keskin N. and Kirbaš Z. 1995. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae: Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Nematologica 41: 639–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poinar G.O. Jr. 1979. Nematodes for Biological Control of Insects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poinar G.O. Jr. 1990. Taxonomy and Biology of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. In: Gaugler R. and Kaya H.K. (eds), Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 23–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosa J.S., Bonifassi E., Amaral J., Lacey L.A., Simoes N. and Laumond C. 2000. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernema, Heterorhabditis) in the Azores. Journal of Nematology 32: 215–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosales A.L.C. and Suarez H.Z. 1998. Nemátodos entomopatógenos como posibles agentes de control del gorgojo negro del platano Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar 1824) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana 13: 123–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seinhorst J.W. 1959. A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica 4: 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shishiniova M., Budurova L. and Gradinarov D. 1998. Contribution to the fauna of the entomopathogenic nematodes/ rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae from Bulgaria II. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment 12: 104–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner W. 1996. Distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Swiss Alps. Suisse Journal de Zoologie 103: 439–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock S.P. and Kaya H.K. 1996. A multivariate analysis of morphometric characters of Heterorhabditis species (Nemata, Heterorhabditidae) and the role of morphometrics in the taxonomy of the species of the genus. Journal of Parasitology 82: 806–813.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock S.P., Campbell J.F. and Nadler S.A. 2001. Phylogeny of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Cephalobina: Steinernematidae) inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences and morphological characters. Journal of Parasitology 87: 877–889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock S.P., Pryor B.M. and Kaya H.K. 1999. Distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in natural habitats in California, USA. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 535–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturhan D. and Lišková M. 1999. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Slovak Republic. Nematology 1: 273–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangchitsomkid N. and Sontirat S. 1998. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Sciences 32: 347–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vyas R.V., Pharindera Y., Choudhary R., Patel N.S. and Yadav P. 1999. Natural incidence of entomopathogenic nematodes in central north Gujarat. In: Dhawan S.C. (ed.), Proceedings of National Symposium on Rational Approaches in Nematode Management for Sustainable Agriculture, Anand, India, 23–25 November, 1998. Nematological Society of India, New Delhi, India, pp. 86–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright P.J. 1992. Cool temperature reproduction of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 60: 143–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida M., Reid A.P., Briscoe B.R. and Hominick W.M. 1998. Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Japan. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21: 185–198.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hacettepe, Beytepe, Turkey

    SelÇuk Hazir & Nevin Keskin

  2. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arizona, 1140E South Campus Dr, 85721-0036, Tucson, USA

    S. Patricia Stock

  3. Department of Nematology, University of California, One Shields Ave., 95616-8668, Davis, USA

    Harry K. Kaya

  4. Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, University of Erciyes, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    Servet Özcan

Authors
  1. SelÇuk Hazir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nevin Keskin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Patricia Stock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Harry K. Kaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Servet Özcan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Patricia Stock.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hazir, S., Keskin, N., Stock, S.P. et al. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Biodiversity and Conservation 12, 375–386 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021915903822

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021915903822

Search

Navigation