Abstract
The effect of phosphate on the surface charge and cadmium (Cd) adsorption was examined in seven soils that varied in their variable-charge components. The effect of phosphate on immobilization and phytoavailability of Cd from one of the soils, treated with various levels of Cd (0–10 mg Cd kg−1 soil), was further evaluated using mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. Cadmium immobilization in soil was evaluated by a chemical fractionation scheme. Addition of phosphate, as KH2PO4, increased the pH, negative charge and Cd adsorption by the soils. Of the seven soils examined, the three allophanic soils (i.e., Egmont, Patua and Ramiha) exhibited greater increases in phosphate-induced pH, negative charge and Cd2+ adsorption over the other four non-allophanic soils (i.e., Ballantrae, Foxton, Manawatu ad Tokomaru). Increasing addition of Cd enhanced Cd concentration in plants, resulting in decreased plant growth (i.e., phytotoxicity). Addition of phosphate effectively reduced the phytotoxicity of Cd. There was a significant inverse relationship between dry matter yield and Cd concentration in soil solution. Addition of phosphate decreased the concentration of the soluble + exchangeable Cd fraction but increased the concentration of inorganic-bound Cd fraction in soil. The phosphate-induced alleviation of Cd phytotoxicity can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to increases in pH and surface charge.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adriano D C 2001 Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments; Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability and Risks of Metals. 2nd edn. Springer, New York. 866 pp.
Anderson C, Deram A, Petit D, Brooks R R, Stewart R B and Simcock R 2001 Induced S hyperaccumulation: metal movement and problems. In Trace Elements in Soils: Bioavailability, Flux and Transfer. Eds. I K Iskandar and M B Kirkham. pp. 63–76. Lewis Publisher, Washington, DC.
Basta N T, Gradwohl R, Snethen K L and Schroder J L 2001 Chemical immobilisation of lead, zinc and cadmium in smeltercontaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30, 1222–1230.
Berti W R and Cunnigham S D 1997 In-place inactivation of Pb in Pb-contaminated soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2673–2678.
Boisson J A, Ruttens A, Mench M and Vangronsveld J 1999 Evaluation of hydroxyapatite as a metal immobilizing additive for remediation of polluted soils: I. Influence of hydroxyapatite on metal exchangeability in soil, plant growth, and plant metal accumulation. Environ. Pollut. 104, 225–233.
Bolan N 5, Naidu R, Khan M A R, Tillman R W and Syers J K 1999 The effects of anion sorption on sorption and leaching of cadmium. Aust. J. Soil Res. 37, 445–460.
Bolland M D A, Posner A M and Quirk J P 1977 Zinc adsorption by goethite in the absence and presence of phosphate. Aust. J. Soil Res. 15, 279–286.
Chang A C, Granato T C and Page A L 1992 A methodology for establishing phytotoxicity criteria for chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc in agricultural land application of municipal sewage sludges. J. Environ. Qual. 21, 521–536.
Chen X, Wright J V, Conca J L and Peurrung L M 1997 Evaluation of heavy metal remediation using mineral apatite. Water Air Soil Pollut. 98, 57–78.
Chlopecka A and Adriano D C 1996 Mimicked in-situ stabilization of metals in a cropped soil: Bioavailability and chemical form of zinc. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 3294–3303.
Cotter-Howells J and Caporn 5 1996 Remediation of contaminated land by formation of heavy metal phosphates. Appl. Geochem. 11, 335–342.
Elkhatib E A, Hern J L and Staley T E 1987 A rapid centrifugation method for obtaining soil solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 578–583.
Florence T M and Farrer Y J 1971 Spectrophotometric determination of chloride at the parts-per-billion level by mercury (II) thiocyanate method. Anal. Chim. Acta 54, 373–377.
Havlin J L, Tisdale S L, Nelson W L and Beaton J D 1999 Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management. 6th edn. Prentice Hall, NJ. 499 pp.
Helyar K R, Munns D N and Burau R G 1976 Adsorption of phosphate by gibbsite. II. Formation of a surface complex involving divalent cations. J. Soil Sci. 27, 315–323.
Hettiarachchi G M, Pierzynski G M and Ransom M D 2000 In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4614–4619.
Jeanjean J, Fedoroff M, Faverjon F, Vincent U and Corset J 1995 Influence of pH on the sorption of cadmium ions on calcium hydroxyapatite. J. Mater. Sci. 30, 6156–6160.
Kuo S 1986 Concurrent adsorption of phosphate and zinc, cadmium, or calcium by a hydrous ferric oxide. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 1412–1419.
Laperche V and Traina S J 1998 Immobilization of Pb by hydroxyapatite. In Adsorption of Metals by Geomedia: Variables, Mechanisms, and Model Applications. Ed. J A Everett. pp. 225–276. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Levi-Minzi R and Petruzzelli G 1984 The influence of phosphate fertilizers on Cd solubility in soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 23, 423–429.
Ma L Q and Rao G N 1997 Effects of phosphate rock on sequential chemical extraction of lead in contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 26, 788–794.
Ma L Q, Traina S J, Logan T J and Ryan J A 1993 In situ lead immobilization by apatite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1803–1810.
Mandjiny S, Matis K A, Fedoroff M, Jeanjean J, Rouchaud J C, Toulhoat N, Potocek V, Maireles-Torres P and Jones D 1998 Calcium hydroxyapatites: evaluation of sorption properties for cadmium ions in aqueous solution. J. Mater. Sci. 33, 5433–5439.
McGowen S L, Basta N T and Brown G O 2001 Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil. J. Environ. Qual. 30, 493–500.
McLaughlin M J, Tiller K G, Naidu R and Stevens D P 1996 Review: The behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants in fertilizers. Aust. J. Soil Res. 34, 1–54.
McLaughlin M J, Hamon R E, McLaren R G, Speir T W and Roger S L 2000 A bioavailability-based rationale for controlling metal and metalloid contaminants of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand. Aust. J. Soil Res. 38, 1037–1086.
Murphy J and Riley J P 1962 A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta. 27, 31–36.
Naidu R, Bolan N 5, Kookana R S and Tiller K G 1994 Ionicstrength and pH effects on the adsorption of cadmium and the surface charge of soils. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 45, 419–429.
Naidu R, Kookana R 5, Sumner M E, Harter R D and the late Tiller K G 1996 Cadmium adsorption and transport in variable charge soils: A review. J. Environ. Qual. 26, 602–617.
Nakhone L N and Young S D 1993 The significance of (radio-) labile cadmium pools in soil. Environ. Pollut. 82, 73–77.
Pearson M S, Maenpaa K, Pierzynski G M and Lydy M J 2000 Effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium to earthworms. J. Environ. Qual. 29, 1611–1617.
Pierzynski G M and Schwab A P 1993 Bioavailability of zinc, cadmium and lead in a metal contaminated alluvial soil. J. Environ. Qual. 22, 247–254.
Roberts A H C, Longhurst R D and Brown M W 1994 Cadmium status of soils, plant and grazing animals in New Zealand. NZ J. Agric. Res. 37, 119–129.
Ruby M V, Davis A, and Nicholson A 1994 In situ formation of lead phosphates in soils as a method to immobilize lead. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 646–654.
Santillan-Medrano J and Jurinak J J 1975 The chemistry of lead and cadmium in soil: solid phase formation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39, 851–856.
Schofield R K 1949 Effect of pH on electric charges carried by clay particles. J. Soil Sci. 1, 1–8.
Seaman J C, Arey J S and Bertsch P M 2001 Immobilization of nickel and other metals in contaminated sediments by hydroxyapatite addition. J. Environ. Qual. 30, 460–469.
Senesi N 1992 Metal-humic substance complexes in the environment. Molecular and mechanistic aspects by multiple spectroscopic approach. In Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals. Ed. D C Adriano. pp. 425–491. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Shuman L M 1986 Effect of ionic strength and anions on zinc adsorption by two soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 1438–1442.
Soon Y K 1981 Solubility and sorption of cadmium in soils amended with sewage sludge. J. Soil Sci. 32, 85–95.
Sposito G, Lund L J and Chang A C 1982 Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in solid phases. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46, 260–264.
Stacey S, Merrington G and McLaughlin M J 2001 The effect of aging biosolids on the availability of cadmium and zinc in soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 52, 313–321.
Street J J, Lindsay W L and Sabey B R 1977 Solubility and plant uptake of cadmium in soils amended with cadmium and sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 6, 72–77.
Symeonides C and McRae S G 1977 The assessment of plant available cadmium in soils. J. Environ. Qual. 6, 120–123.
Williams C H and David D J 1976 The accumulation in soil of cadmium residues from phosphate fertilizers and their effect on the cadmium content of plants. Soil Sci. 121, 86–93.
Xu Y and Schwartz F W1994 Lead immobilization by hydroxyapatite in aqueous solutions. J. Contain. Hydrol. 15, 187–195.
Xu Y, Schwartz F W and Trama S J 1994 Sorption of Zn2+ and Cd2+ on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1472–1480.
Zhang P, Ryan J A and Yang J 1998 In vitro soil Pb solubility in the presence of hydroxyapatite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2763–2768.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bolan, N.S., Adriano, D.C., Duraisamy, P. et al. Immobilization and phytoavailability of cadmium in variable charge soils. I. Effect of phosphate addition. Plant and Soil 250, 83–94 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022826014841
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022826014841