Skip to main content
Log in

Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void

  • Published:
Policy Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

How should policy analysis respond to the changing context of policy making? This article examines three aspects of policy analysis in this changing context: polity, knowledge and intervention. It argues that policy making now often takes place in an ‘institutional void’ where there are no generally accepted rules and norms according to which politics is to be conducted and policy measures are to be agreed upon. More than before, solutions for pressing problems transgress the sovereignty of specific polities. Furthermore, the role of knowledge changes as the relationship between science and society has changed: scientific expertise is now negotiated rather than simply accepted. And, with the weakening of the state, it is far less obvious that the government is the sole actor to intervene in policy making. This article calls for a reconsideration of the analysis of policy making in the light of this changing context. Based on a contextual perspective it calls for a revitalization of the commitments of Harold Lasswell toward a policy science of democracy by proposing a new ‘deliberative’ policy analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackerman, B. (1992). We, the People: Foundations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akkerman, T. (2001). ‘Urban debates and deliberative democracy,’ Acta Politica 36: 71-87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albrow, M. (1996). The Global Age: State and Society BeyondModernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1986). Risikogesellschaft. Auf demWeg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1991). Die Welt als Labor. Politik in der Risikogesellschaft. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, pp. 154-166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1999).World Risk Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. et al. (1994). Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, M. (1982). All that Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, T. et al. (2002). ‘Discourse analysis and political science,’ European Political Science 2 (1): 48-67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahrendorf, R. (1988). The Modern Social Conflict. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • deLeon, P. (1994). ‘Reinventing the policy sciences: Three steps back to the future,’ Policy Sciences 27: 77-93.

    Google Scholar 

  • deLeon, P. (1997). Policy Sciences and Democracy. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. (1982). ‘Policy analysis as hermeneutic activity,’ Policy Sciences 14: 309-329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. (1989). ‘Policy sciences of democracy,’ Polity 22: 97-118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. (1996). Democracy in Capitalist Times: Limits, Ideals, and Struggles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. (2000). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryzek, J. et al., eds. (1995). Political Science in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn,W.N. (1981). Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eade, J. (1997). Living the Global City: Globalization as Local Process. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (1996). Impure Science: Aids, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers, A. and H. Nowotny (1989). Uber den Umgang mit Unsicherheit. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewald, F. (1986). L'Etat Providence. Paris: Gaullimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, F. (1990). Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, F. (1998). ‘Beyond empiricism,’ Policy Studies Journal 26: 129-146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, A. and E.O.Wright (2001). ‘Deepening democracy: Innovations in empowered participatory governance,’ Politics and Society 29: 5-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funtowicz, S.O. and J.R. Ravetz (1991). ‘A new scientific methodology for global environmental issues,’ in R. Costanza, ed., Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. NewYork: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, A. (1981). Forms of Explanation. Rethinking the Questions in Social Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1991). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieryn, T. F. (1995). ‘Boundaries of science,’ in S. Jasanoff et al., eds., Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 393-443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomart, E. and M. A. Hajer (2003, forthcoming). ‘Is that politics? Searching for forms of democratic politics,’ in B. Joerges et al., eds., Looking Back, Ahead-The Year book for the Sociology of Sciences. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodin, R. E. and H.-D. Klingemann (1996). New Handbook of Political Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, P.M. (1990). Saving the Mediterranean. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M.A. (1995). The Politics of Environmental Discourse. Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M.A. (2000). Politiek als vormgeving. Amsterdam: Vossius Pers (inaugural address).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M.A. (2003). ‘A frame in the fields. Policy making and the reinvention of politics,’ in M.A. Hajer and H. Wagennar, eds., Deliberative Policy Analysis. Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M.A. and H. Wagenaar, eds. (2003). Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational Connections. Culture, People, Places. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. (1989).The Conditions of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkesworth, M.E. (1988). Theoretical Issues in Policy Analysis. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, P. (1997). Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilbron, J. L. et al., eds. (1997). The Rise of the Social Sciences and the Formation of Modernity. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillgartner, S. (2001). Science on Stage. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawn, E. J. (1977). The Age of Revolution. London: Abacus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, B. (2001). ‘Transnational subpolitics and corporate discourse: A study of environmental protest and the Royal Dutch/Shell Group,’ Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, London School of Economics.

  • Innes, J. E. (1996). ‘Planning through consensus building,’ Journal of the Americam Planning Association 62: 460-472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes, J. E. and D. E. Booher (1999). ‘Consensus building as role playing and bricolage: Toward a theory of collaborative planning,’ Journal of the American Planning Association 65: 9-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes, J. E. and D. E. Booher (2000). Public Participation in Planning. New Strategies for the 21st Century. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of Urban and Regional Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasanoff, S. (1990). The Fifth Branch: Science Advisers as Policy Makers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joll, J. (1978). Europe since 1870. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kickert,W. J. M. et al. (1997).Managing Complex Networks: Strategies for the Public Sector. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kundera, M. (1992). ‘Les chemins dans le brouillard,’ L'Infini Hiver 1992: 42-64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, F.C. (1979). Profits from Power: Readings in Protection Rent and Violence Controlling Enterprises. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, H.D. (1951). ‘The policy orientation,’ in H.D. Lasswell and D. Lerner, eds., The Policy Sciences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, H.D. (1971). A Pre-View of Policy Sciences. New York: American Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenzer, G., ed. (1975). Auguste Comte and Positivism: The Essential Writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manin, B. (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, G. et al. (1996). Governance in the European Union. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meny, Y. et al., eds. (1996). Adjusting to Europe. The Impact of the European Union on National Institutions and Policies. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R.D. (1993). Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. A.W. (1996). ‘The new governance: Governing without government,’ Political Studies 44: 652-667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. A.W. (1997). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity, and Accountability. Buckingham, Philadephia: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. A.W. (2000). ‘Governance and public administration,’ in J. Pierre, ed., Debating Governance: Authority, Steering and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenau, J.N., ed. (1995). Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, M. and M. Thompson (1990). Divided We Stand: Redefining Politics, Technology and Social Choice. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J.C. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson, D. (1985). Contextual orientation in policy analysis: The contribution of Harold D. Lasswell,’ Policy Sciences 18: 241-261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson, D. (1986). ‘Between knowledge and politics: Three faces of policy analysis,’ Policy Sciences 19: 33-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson, D. (1992). ‘Priest and Jester in the policy sciences: Developing the focus of inquiry,’ Policy Sciences 25: 225-235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tribe, L. H. (1972). ‘Policy science: Analysis or ideology?’ Philosophy and Public Affairs 2: 66-110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenaar, H. and S.N. Cook (2003). ‘Understanding policy practices: Action, dialectic and deliberation in policy analysis,’ in M.A. Hajer and H. Wagenaar, eds., Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner (2000). Theorizing Modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, M.E. (1999). Democracy and Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildavsky, A. (1979). Speaking Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. (1961). The Long Revolution. London: Chatto and Windus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanow, D. (1996). How Does a PolicyMean? Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, I.M. (2000). Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zürn, M. (1999). Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaates. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hajer, M. Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void. Policy Sciences 36, 175–195 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024834510939

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024834510939

Keywords

Navigation