Skip to main content
Log in

Multi-Level Fault Injections in VHDL Descriptions: Alternative Approaches and Experiments

  • Published:
Journal of Electronic Testing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The probability of transient faults increases with the evolution of technologies. There is a corresponding increased demand for an early analysis of erroneous behaviours. This paper discusses alternative approaches to perform transient fault injection in circuits described in a high level language such as VHDL. In the proposed analysis flow, a behavioural model is generated, allowing the designer to identify the detailed error propagation paths in the circuit. This paper also reports on results obtained with SEU-like fault injections in VHDL descriptions of digital circuits. Several circuit description levels are considered, as well as several fault modelling levels. These results show that an analysis performed at a very early stage in the design process can actually give a helpful insight into the response of a circuit when a fault occurs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Abke, E. Böhl, and C. Henno, “Emulation Based Real Time Testing of Automotive Applications,” in 4th IEEE International On-Line Testing Workshop, Capri, Italy, July 6-8, 1998, pp. 28-31.

  2. A. Ademaj, P. Grillinger, P. Herout, and J. Hlavicka, “Fault Tolerance Evaluation Using Two Software Based Fault Injection Methods,” in 8th IEEE International On-Line TestingWorkshop, Isle of Bendor, France, July 8-10, 2002, pp. 21-25.

  3. G. Al Hayek and C. Robach, “From Specification Validation to Hardware Testing: A Unified Method,” in International Test Conference (ITC), 1996, pp. 885-893.

  4. G. Al Hayek and C. Robach, “From Design Validation to Hardware Testing: A Unified Approach,” Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications (JETTA), vol. 14, pp. 133-140, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  5. L. Antoni, R. Leveugle, and B. Fehér, “Using Run-Time Reconfiguration for Fault Injection in Hardware Prototypes,” in The IEEE Int. Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, Yamanashi, Japan, Oct. 25-27, 2000, IEEE Computer Society Press, 2000, pp. 405-413.

  6. L. Antoni, R. Leveugle, and B. Fehér, “Using Run-Time Reconfiguration for Fault Injection in Hardware Prototypes,” The 17th IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, Vancouver, Canada, Nov. 6-8, 2002, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2002, pp. 242-249.

    Google Scholar 

  7. L. Berrojo, I. Gonzalez, F. Corno, M. Sonza-Reorda, G. Squillero, L. Entrena, and C. Lopez, “New Techniques for Speeding Up Fault-Injection Campaigns,” in Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), March 4-8, 2002, pp. 847-852.

  8. E. Böhl, W. Harter, and M. Trunzer, “Real Time Effect Testing of Processor Faults,” in 5th IEEE International On-Line Testing Workshop, Rhodes, Greece, July 5-7, 1999, pp. 39-43.

  9. J. Boué, P. Pétillon, and Y. Crouzet, “MEFISTO-L: A VHDLBased Fault Injection Tool for the Experimental Assessment of Fault Tolerance,” in 28th Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS), 1998, pp. 168-173.

  10. G.C. Cardarilli, F. Kaddour, A. Leandri, M. Ottavi, S. Pontarelli, and R.Velazco, “Bit-Flip Injection in Processor-Based Architectures: A Case Study,” in 8th IEEE International On-Line Testing Workshop, Isle of Bendor, France, July 8-10, 2002, pp. 117-127.

  11. K.-T. Cheng, S.-Y. Huang, and W.-J. Dai, “Fault Emulation: A New Methodology for Fault Grading,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, vol. 18, no. 10, 1999, pp. 1487-1495.

    Google Scholar 

  12. P. Civera, L. Macchiarulo, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda, and M. Violante, “Exploiting FPGA for Accelerating Fault Injection Experiments,” in 7th IEEE International On-Line Testing Workshop, Taormina, Italy, July 9-11, 2001, pp. 9-13.

  13. P. Civera, L. Macchiarulo, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda, and A. Violante, “Exploiting FPGA-Based Techniques for Fault Injection Campaigns on VLSI Circuits,” in The IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, San Francisco, California, USA, Oct. 24-26, 2001, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2001, pp. 250-258.

    Google Scholar 

  14. P. Civera, L. Macchiarulo, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza Reorda, and A. Violante, “FPGA-Based Fault Injection for Microprocessor Systems,” in Asian Test Symposium, Nov. 2001, pp. 304-309.

  15. T.A Delong, B.W. Johnson, and J.A. Profeta III, “A Fault Injection Technique for VHDL Behavioral-Level Models,” IEEE Design & Test of Computers, vol. 13, Winter 1996, pp. 24-33.

    Google Scholar 

  16. R.O. Duarte, I. Alzaher Noufal, and M. Nicolaidis, “A CAD Framework Foe Efficient Self-Checking Data Path Design,” in 3rd IEEE Int. On-Line Testing Workshop, Aghia Pelaghia headland, Crete, Greece, July 7-9, 1997, pp. 28-35.

  17. I. Gonzalez and L. Berrojo, “Supporting Fault Tolerance in an Industrial Environment: The AMATISTA Approach,” in 7th IEEE Int. On-Line Testing Workshop, July 2001, pp. 178-183.

  18. J. Gracia, J.C. Baraza, D. Gil, and P.J. Gil, “Comparison and Application of Different VHDL-Based Fault Injection Techniques,” in The IEEE Int. Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, San Francisco, California, USA, Oct. 24-26, 2001, IEEE Computer Society Press, 2001, pp. 233-241.

  19. U. Gunneflo, J. Karlsson, and J. Torin, “Evaluation of Error Detection Schemes Using Fault Injection by Heavy-Ion Radiation,” in 19th Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS), 1989, pp. 340-347.

  20. E. Jenn, J. Arlat, M. Rimen, J. Ohlsson, and J. Karlsson, “Fault Injection into VHDL Models: The MEFISTO Tool,” in 24th Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS), 1994, pp. 66-75.

  21. G.A. Kanawati, N.A. Kanawati, and J.A. Abraham, “FERRARI: A Tool for the Validation of System Dependability Properties,” in 22nd Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS), 1992, pp. 336-344.

  22. J. Karlsson, U. Gunneflo, P. Lidén, and J. Torin, “Two Fault Injection Techniques for Test of Fault Handling Mechanisms,” in International Test Conference (ITC), 1991, pp. 140-149.

  23. R. Leveugle, “Behavior Modeling of Faulty Complex VLSIs: Why and How?,” in The Baltic Electronics Conference, Tallinn, Estonia, Oct. 7-9, 1998, pp. 191-194.

  24. R. Leveugle, “Towards Modeling for Dependability of Complex Integrated Circuits,” in 5th IEEE Int. On-Line TestingWorkshop, Rhodes, Greece, July 5-7, 1999, pp. 194-198.

  25. R. Leveugle, “Fault Injection in VHDL Descriptions and Emulation,” in The IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, Yamanashi, Japan, Oct. 25-27, 2000, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2000, pp. 414-419.

    Google Scholar 

  26. R. Leveugle, “ALow-Cost Hardware Approach to Dependability Validation of IPs,” in The IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, San Francisco, California, USA, Oct. 24-26, 2001, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2001, pp. 242-249.

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. Leveugle, “Automatic Modifications of High Level VHDL Descriptions for Fault Detection or Tolerance,” in Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), March 4-8, 2002, pp. 837-841.

  28. R. Leveugle and K. Hadjiat, “Optimized Generation of VHDL Mutants for Injection of Transition Errors,” in 13th Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design (SBCCI2000), Manaus, Brazil, Sept. 18-24, 2000, pp. 243-248.

  29. A. Manzone and D. De Constantini, “Fault Tolerant Insertion and Verification: A Case Study,” in 8th IEEE International On-Line TestingWorkshop, Isle of Bendor, France, July 8-10, 2002, pp. 238-242.

  30. T. Michel, R. Leveugle, G. Saucier, R. Doucet, and P. Chapier, “Taking Advantage of ASICs to Improve Dependability with Very Low Overheads,” in ED&TC, 1994, pp. 14-18.

  31. B. Parrotta, M. Rebaudengo, M. Sonza-Reorda, and M. Violante, “New Techniques for Accelerating Fault Injection in VHDL Descriptions,” in 6th IEEE Int. On-Line Testing Workshop, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, July 3-5, 2000, pp. 61-66.

  32. J.R. Samson, W. Moreno, and F. Falquez, “Validating Fault Tolerance Designs Using Laser Fault Injection,” in The IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, Paris, France, Oct. 20-22, 1997, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997, pp. 175-183.

    Google Scholar 

  33. S. Svensson and J. Karlsson, “Dependability Evaluation of the THOR Microprocessor Using Simulation-Based Fault Injection,” Technical Report No. 295, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Computer Engineering, Sweden, November 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  34. N.A. Touba and E.J. McCluskey, “Logic Synthesis of Multilevel Circuits with Concurrent Error Detection,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, vol. 16, no. 7, July 1997, pp. 783-789.

    Google Scholar 

  35. F. Vargas, A. Amory, and R. Velazco, “Estimating Circuit Fault-Tolerance by Means of Transient-Fault Injection in VHDL,” in 6th IEEE International On-Line Testing Workshop, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, July 3-5, 2000, pp. 67-72.

  36. R. Velazco, R. Leveugle, and O. Calvo, “Upset-Like Fault Injection inVHDLDescriptions:AMethod and Preliminary Results,” in The IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, San Francisco, California, USA, Oct. 24-26, 2001, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2001, pp. 259-267

    Google Scholar 

  37. R.W. Wieler, Z. Zhang, and R.D. McLeod, “Emulating Static Faults Using a Xilinx Based Emulator,” in IEEE Symp. FPGAs for Custom Computing Machines, Feb. 1995, pp. 110-115.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Leveugle, R., Hadjiat, K. Multi-Level Fault Injections in VHDL Descriptions: Alternative Approaches and Experiments. Journal of Electronic Testing 19, 559–575 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025178014797

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025178014797

Navigation