Abstract
The effectiveness of a large number of protocols for mixing in a two-dimensional chaotic Stokes flow, according to a variety of measures, is investigated. The degree to which the various mixing measures are correlated is computed, and while no single protocol simultaneously optimises all measures, it is found that a small subset of the protocols perform well against most measures. However, it is difficult to elicit general rules for selecting effective protocols: for example, superficially similar protocols are found to exhibit considerably different mixing capabilities. The results presented here suggest that the selection of effective protocols by `sieving' (i.e., by successively eliminating candidate protocols that fail increasingly discerning mixing measures) may be ineffective in practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.M. Ottino, Mixing and chemical reactions: a tutorial. Chem. Eng. Sci. 49 (1994) 4005–4027.
J.M. Zalc and F.J. Muzzio, Parallel-competitive reactions in a two-dimensional chaotic flow. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54 (1999) 1053–1069.
M.D. Finn and S.M. Cox, Stokes flow in a mixer with changing geometry. J. Engng. Math. 41 (2001) 75–99.
M.D. Finn, S.M. Cox and H.M. Byrne, Topological chaos in inviscid and viscous mixers. To appear J. Fluid Mech. (2003).
H. Aref, Stirring by chaotic advection. J. Fluid Mech. 143 (1984) 1–21.
H. Aref, The development of chaotic advection. Phys. Fluids 14 (2002) 1315–1325.
D. D'Alessandro, M. Dahleh and I. Mezi?, Control of mixing in fluid flow: a maximum entropy approach. IEEE Trans. Automatic Control 44 (1999) 1852–1863.
H. Aref and S. Balachandar, Chaotic advection in a Stokes flow. Phys. Fluids 29 (1986) 3515–3521.
D.M. Hobbs and F.J. Muzzio, Reynolds number effects on laminar mixing in the kenics static mixer. Chem. Engng. J. 70 (1998) 93–104.
T. Hwu, D. Young and Y. Chen, Chaotic advections for Stokes flows in circular cavity. J. Engng. Mech. August (1997) 774-782.
S.W. Jones, O.M. Thomas and H. Aref, Chaotic advection by laminar flow in a twisted pipe. J. Fluid Mech. 209 (1989) 335–357.
J.G. Franjione, C. Leong and J.M. Ottino, Symmetries within chaos: a route to effective mixing. Phys. Fluids 1 (1989) 1772–1783.
J.G. Franjione and J.M. Ottino, Symmetry concepts for geometric analysis of mixing flows. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London A 338 (1992) 301–323.
O.S. Galaktionov, P.D. Anderson and G.W.M. Peters, Symmetry of periodic structures in a 3d mixing cavity flow. Phys. Fluids 12 (2000) 469–471.
T.S. Krasnopolskaya, V.V. Meleshko, G.W.M. Peters and H.E.H. Meijer, Mixing in Stokes flow in an annular wedge cavity. J. Mech. B/Fluids 18 (1999) 793–822.
F.H. Ling, Chaotic mixing in a spatially periodic continuous mixer. Phys. Fluids A 5 (1993) 2147–2160.
V.V. Meleshko and G.W.M. Peters, Periodic points for two-dimensional Stokes flow in a rectangular cavity. Phys. Lett. A. 216 (1996) 87–96.
T. Hwu, Stretches of fluid materials for Stokes flow in circular cavity. J. Engng. Mech. 126 (2000) 554–557.
F.J. Muzzio and P.D. Swanson, The statistics of stretching and stirring in chaotic flows. Phys. Fluids A 3 (1991) 822–834.
F.H. Ling, The effect of mixing protocol on mixing in discontinuous cavity flows. Phys. Lett. A 177 (1993) 331–337.
D. Rothstein, E. Henry and J.P. Gollub, Persistent patterns in transient chaotic fluid mixing. Nature 401 (1999) 770–772.
D.M. Hobbs and F.J. Muzzio, The kenics static mixer: a three dimensional chaotic flow. Chem. Engng. J. 67 (1997) 153–166.
H. Aref and S.W. Jones, Enhanced separation of diffusing particles by chaotic advection. Phys. Fluids A 1 (1989) 470–474.
F.J. Muzzio, P.D. Swanson and J.M. Ottino, The statistics of stretching and stirring in chaotic flows. Phys. Fluids A 3 (1991) 822–834.
M. Giona and A. Adrover, Global geometry and coarse-grained formulation of the evolution of pointwise intermaterial interface measure in choatic flows. Chem. Engng. Sci. 56 (2001) 3387–3399.
F.J. Muzzio, M.M. Alvarez, S. Cerbelli, M. Giona and A. Adrover, The intermaterial area density generated by time-and spatially periodic 2D chaotic flows. Chem. Engng. Sci. 55 (1999) 1497–1508.
J.M. Ottino, The Kinematics of Mixing: Stretching, Chaos and Transport. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1989) 364 pp.
F. Raynal and J. Gence, Energy saving in chaotic laminar mixing. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 40 (1997) 3267–3273.
V.V. Meleshko and H. Aref, A blinking rotlet model for chaotic advection. Phys. Fluids 8 (1996) 3215-3217 (Errata in Phys. Fluids 10 (1998) 1543).
M.J. Clifford, S.M. Cox and E.P.L. Roberts, Lamellar modelling of reaction diffusion and mixing in a twodimensional flow. Chem. Engng. J. 71 (1998) 49–56.
M.J. Clifford, S.M. Cox and E.P.L. Roberts, The influence of a lamellar structure upon the yield of a chemical reaction. Inst. Chem. Engng. 78 (2000) 371–377.
G. Metcalfe and J.M. Ottino, Autocatalytic processes in mixing flows. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 2875–2878.
F.J. Muzzio and J.M. Ottino, Dynamics of a lamellar system with diffusion and reaction: Scaling analysis and global kinetics. Phys. Rev. A 40 (1989) 7182–7192.
F.J. Muzzio and J.M. Ottino, Diffusion and reaction in a lamellar system: Self-similarity with finite rates of reaction. Phys. Rev. A 42 (1990) 5873–5884.
D.R. Sawyers, M. Sen and H. Chang, Effect of chaotic interfacial stretching on bimolecular chemical reaction in helical-coil reactors. Chem. Engng. J. 64 (1996) 129–139.
S.C. Jana, G. Metcalfe and J.M. Ottino, Experimental and computational studies of mixing in complex Stokes flows: the vortex mixing flow and multicellular cavity flows. J. Fluid Mech. 269 (1994) 199–246.
S.C. Jana, M. Tjahjadi and J.M. Ottino, Chaotic mixing of viscous fluids by periodic changes in geometry: baffled cavity flow. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. J. 40 (1994) 1769–1781.
G.H. Wannier, A contribution to the hydrodynamics of lubrication. Q. Appl. Math. 8 (1950) 1–32.
E.P.L. Roberts and M.R. Mackley, The simulation of stretch rates for the quantitative prediction and mapping of mixing within a channel flow. Chem. Engng. Sci. 50 (1995) 3727–3746.
A. Adrover, M. Giona, F.J. Muzzio, S. Cerbelli and M.M. Alvarez, Analytic expression for the short-time rate of growth of the intermaterial contact perimeter in two-dimensional chaotic flows and hamiltonian systems. Phys. Rev. E 58 (1998) 447–458.
M.M. Alvarez, F.J. Muzzio, S. Cerbelli, A. Adrover and M. Giona, Self-similar spatiotemporal structure of intermaterial boundaries in chaotic flows. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 3395–3398.
F.J. Muzzio and M. Liu, Chemical reactions in chaotic flows. Chem. Engng. J. 64 (1996) 117–127.
M.J. Clifford, S.M. Cox and E.P.L. Roberts, Measuring striation widths. Phys. Lett. A 260 (1999) 209–217.
O. Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley (1999) 668 pp.
T. Atobe, M. Funakoshi and S. Inoue, Orbital instability and chaos in the Stokes flow between two eccentric cylinders. Fluid Dyn. Res. 16 (1995) 115–129.
J. Chaiken, R. Chevray, M. Tabor and Q.M. Tan, Experimental study of Lagrangian turbulence in a Stokes flow. Proc. R. Soc. London A 408 (1986) 165–174.
H.R. Neave and P.L.B. Worthington, Distribution Free Tests. London: Unwin Hyman (1988) 430 pp.
R.L. Davidchack and Y. Lai, Efficient algorithm for detecting unstable periodic orbits in chaotic systems. Phys. Rev. E 60 (1999) 6172–6175.
M. D. Finn, S. M. Cox and H. M. Byrne, Chaotic advection in a braided pipe mixer. Phys. Fluids 15 (2003) 77–80.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Finn, M., Cox, S. & Byrne, H. Mixing measures for a two-dimensional chaotic Stokes flow. Journal of Engineering Mathematics 48, 129–155 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ENGI.0000011930.55539.69
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ENGI.0000011930.55539.69