Abstract
This paper investigates the performance of two Layer 3 low latency handoff mechanisms proposed by the IETF, namely Pre- and Post-Registration. These protocols use Layer 2 triggers to reduce the built-in delay components of Mobile IP. We propose a simple analytical model that allows assessing the packet loss and the delay characteristics of these mechanisms. We describe several handoff implementations over a wireless access based on the IEEE 802.11 standard and analyze several implementation issues. Finally we study the scalability of the protocols using an OPNET simulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11 (1999 ed.).
C. Blondia, O. Casals, P. De Cleyn and G. Willems, Performance analysis of IP micro-mobility handoff protocols, in: Proceedings of Protocols for High Speed Networks 2002 (PfHSN 2002), Berlin (2002) pp. 211–226.
C. Blondia, O. Casals, Ll. Cerdà and G. Willems, Performance analysis of a forwarding scheme for handoff in HAWAII, in: Proceedings of Networking 2002, Pisa (2002) pp. 504–514.
C. Blondia, O. Casals, N. Van den Wijngaert and G. Willems, Performance analysis of smooth handoff in Mobile IP, in: Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM2002), Atlanta, USA (September 2002).
C. Blondia, O. Casals, Ll. Cerdà, N. Van den Wijngaert, G. Willems and P. De Cleyn, Low latency handoff mechanisms and their implementation in an IEEE 802.11 network, in: Proceedings of ITC (2003) (to appear).
A.T. Campbell, J. Gomez, C.-Y. Wan, S. Kim, Z. Turanyi and A. Valko, Cellular IP, draft-ietf-mobileip-cellular-00-txt (December 1999).
A.T. Campbell, J. Gomez, C.-Y. Wan, S. Kim, Z. Turanyi and A. Valko, Cellular IP performance, draft-gomez-cellularip-perf-00.txt (October 1999).
A.T. Campbell and J. Gomez-Castellanos, IP micro mobility protocols, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 4(4) (October 2000) 45–54.
O. Casals, Ll. Cerdà, G. Willems, C. Blondia and N. Van den Wijngaert, Performance evaluation of the Post-Registration method, a low latency handoff in MIPv4, in: Proceedings of ICC (2003) (to appear).
K. El Malki et al., Low latency handoffs in mobile IPv4, IETF draft-ietf-monileip-lowlatency-handoffs–v4–04.txt (2002).
K. El Malki and H. Soliman, Simultaneous bindings for mobile IPv6 fast handovers, IETF draft-elmalki-mobileip-bicasting–v6–03.txt (May 2003).
S. Goswami, Simultaneous handoff of Mobile-IPv4 and 802.11, IETF draft-goswami-mobileip-simultaneous-handoff–v4–01.txt (2002).
E. Gustafsson, A. Jonsson and C. Perkins, Mobile IP regional registration, draft-ietf-mobileip-reg-tunnel-07.txt (October 2002).
H. Haverinen and J. Malinen, Mobile IP regional paging, draft-haverinen-mobileip-reg-paging-00.txt (June 2000).
J. Kempf, P.R. Calhoun and C. Pairla, Foreign agent assisted handoff, draft-calhoun-mobileip-proactive-fa-01.txt (June 2000).
P. McCann, Mobile IPv6 fast handovers for 802.11 networks, IETF draft-mccann-mobileip-80211fh-00.txt (2002).
A. Mishra, M. Shin and W. Arbaugh, An empirical analysis of the IEEE 802.11 MAC layer handoff process, Technical Report CS-TR-4395, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland (September 2002).
ns with micromobility support, http://comet.ctr.columbia.edu/micromobility
M. Ohta, Smooth handover over IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN, draft-ohta-smooth-handover-wlan-00.txt (June 2002).
OPNET Modeler, www.opnet.com
C.E. Perkins, IP mobility support, rfc 2002 (October 1996).
C. Perkins and D. Johnson, Route optimization in mobile IP, IETF draft-ietf-mobileip-optim-11.txt (September 2001).
C. Perkins and K.-Y. Wang, Optimized smooth handoffs in mobile IP, in: Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, Egypt (July 1999).
R. Ramjee, T. La Porta, S. Thuel, K. Varadhan and L. Salgarelli, IP micro-mobility support using HAWAII, draft-ietf-mobileip-hawaii-00. txt (June 1999).
The network simulator–ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
N. Van den Wijngaert and C. Blondia, Integration of IP mobility in OPNET: Modeling and simulation, in: Proceedings of OPNETWORK 2002, Washington, DC (August 2002).
F. Vena, Ll. Cerdà and O. Casals, Study of the TCP dynamics over wireless networks with micromobility support using the ns simulator, in: European Wireless 2002, Florence (February 2002) pp. 114–120.
A.E. Yegin et al., Supporting optimized handover for IP mobility–requirements for underlying systems, IETF draft-manyfolks-12-mobilereq-02.txt (2002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blondia, C., Casals, O., Cerdà, L. et al. Performance Evaluation of Layer 3 Low Latency Handoff Mechanisms. Mobile Networks and Applications 9, 633–645 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MONE.0000042502.65518.b5
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MONE.0000042502.65518.b5