Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

The complexity and stability of ecosystems

Abstract

Early studies suggested that simple ecosystems were less stable than complex ones, but later studies came to the opposite conclusion. Confusion arose because of the many different meanings of ‘complexity’ and ‘stability’. Most of the possible questions about the relationship between stability–complexity have not been asked. Those that have yield a variety of answers.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Elton, C. S. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (Chapman & Hall, London, 1958).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. MacArthur, R. H. Ecology 36, 533–536 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Hutchinson, G. E. Am. Nat. 93, 145–159 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Margalef, R. Perspectives in Ecological Theory (University of Chicago Press, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Watt, K. E. F. Principles of Environmental Science (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gardner, M. R. & Ashby, W. R. Nature 228, 784 (1970).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. May, R. M. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems (Princeton University Press, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  8. McMurtie, A. J. J. theor. Biol. 50, 1–11 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gilpin, M. E. Nature 254, 137–139 (1975).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. DeAngelis, D. L. Ecology 56, 238–243 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pimm, S. L. Theor. Popul. Biol. 16, 144–158 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Siljak, D. Nature 249, 280 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. MacDonald, N. Nature 275, 117–118 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Tuljapurkar, S. D. & Semura, J. S. Nature 275, 388–389 (1975).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jeffries, C. Theor. Popul. Biol. 7, 149–166 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. May, R. M. Nature 238, 413–414 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tansky, M. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Univ. B7, 87–94 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Webber, M. I. in Ecological Stability (eds Usher, M. B. & Williamson, M. W.) 165–178 (Chapman & Hall, London, 1974).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. Kirkwood, R. S. M. & Lawton, J. H. J. theor. Biol. 93, 225–237 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Goh, B. S. Math. Biosci. 40, 157–166 (1978).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Kindlemann, P. & Rejmanek, M. J. theor. Biol. 94, 989–993 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Goodman, D. Q. Rev. Biol. 50, 237–266 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Botkin, D. B. & Sobel, M. J. in Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction (ed. Levin, S. A.) 144–150 (Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Innis, G. in Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction (ed. Levin, S. A.) 131–139 (Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Orians, G. H. in Unifying Concepts in Ecology (eds van Dobben, W. H. & Lowe-McConnell, R. H.) 139–150 (Junk, The Hague, 1975).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Harrison, G. W. Am. Nat. 113, 659–669 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Pimm, S. L. Food Webs (Chapman & Hall, London, 1982).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. Tanner, J. T. Ecology 47, 733–745 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Pimm, S. L. in Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence (eds Strong, D. R. Jr, Simberloff, D. S. & Abele, L. G.) (Princeton University Press, in press).

  30. Connell, J. H. & Sousa, W. P. Am. Nat. 121, 787–824 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lawlor, L. R. Am. Nat. 112, 445–447 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Roberts, A. Nature 251, 607–608 (1974).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tregonning, K. & Roberts, A. Bull. math. Biol. 40, 513–524 (1978).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Tregonning, K. & Roberts, A. Nature 281, 563–564 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Roberts, A. & Tregonning, K. Nature 288, 265–266 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Post, W. M. & Pimm, S. L. Math. Biosci. 64, 169–192 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. May, R. M. in Population Dynamics (eds Anderson, R. M., Turner, B. R. & Taylor, L. R.) 385–407 (Blackwell, Oxford, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Pimm, S. L. Oikos 35, 139–149 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Hassell, M. P. J. Anim. Ecol. 49, 603–628 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Lawton, J. H. & Strong, D. R. Jr Am. Nat. 118, 317–338 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Hairston, N. G., Smith, F. E. & Slobodkin, L. B. Am. Nat. 84, 421–425 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Nunney, L. Am. Nat. 115, 639–649 (1980).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  43. Abrams, P. A. & Taber, D. A. Am. Nat. 119, 240–249 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Rejmanek, M. & Stary, P. Nature 280, 311–313 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pianka, E. R. in Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds Cody, M. L. & Diamond, J. M.) 291–314 (Harvard University Press, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Yodzis, P. Nature 284, 544–545 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pimm, S. L. Nature 285, 591 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Pimm, S. L. & Lawton, J. H. Nature 268, 329–332 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Pimm, S. L. & Lawton, J. H. J. Anim. Ecol. 49, 879–898 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pimm, S. L. Ecology 61, 219–225 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Dobson, A. P. in Population Biology of Infectious Diseases (eds Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M.) 1–25 (Springer, Berlin, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Anderson, R. M. Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases (Chapman & Hall, London, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Pimm, S. L. & Lawton, J. H. Nature 268, 329–331 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Vincent, T. L. & Anderson, L. R. Theor. Popul. Biol. 15, 217–231 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Leps, J., Osbornova-Kosinova, J. & Rejmanek, M. Vegetatio 50, 53–63 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. May, R. M. & MacArthur, R. H. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69, 1109–1113 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Robinson, J. V. & Valentine, W. D. J. theor. Biol. 81, 91–104 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Shugart, H. H. & Hett, J. M. Science 1279–1281 (1973).

  59. Long, J. L. Introduced Birds of the World (David & Charles, Newton Abbott, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Moulton, M. P. & Pimm, S. L. Am. Nat. 121, 669–690 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Pimm, S. L. Oikos 33, 351–357 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. May, R. M. Nature 269, 471–477 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. Boucot, A. J. J. Paleont. 57, 1–30 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Armstrong, R. A. Am. Nat. 120, 391–402 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Armstrong, R. A. Oak Ridge natn. Lab. Tech. Memo. (in the press).

  66. King, A. W. & Pimm, S. L. Am. Nat. 122, 145–149 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Austin, M. P. & Cook, B. F. J. theor. Biol. 45, 435–458 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hurd, L. E., Mellinger, M. V., Wolf, L. L. & McNaughton, S. J. Science 173, 1134–1136 (1971).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. McNaughton, S. J. Am. Nat. 111, 515–525 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. DeAngelis, D. L. Bull. math. Biol. 37, 291–299. (1975).

    Article  MathSciNet  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Saunders, P. T. & Bazin, M. J. Nature 256, 120–121 (1975).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Leigh, E. F. in Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds Cody, M. L. & Diamond, J. M.) 74–80 (Harvard University Press, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Wolda, H. Am. Nat. 112, 1017–1045 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Watt, K. E. F. Can. Ent. 97, 887–895 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Pimentel, D. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 54, 76–86 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Beddington, J. R., Free, C. A. & Lawton, J. H. Nature 273, 513–519 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Conway, G. in Theoretical Ecology (ed. May, R. M.) 356–386 (Blackwell, Oxford, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Turelli, M. Theor. Popul. Biol. 13, 244–267 (1978).

    Article  MathSciNet  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pimm, S. The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307, 321–326 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1038/307321a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/307321a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing