Abstract
Living organisms use composite materials for various functions, such as mechanical support, protection, motility and the sensing of signals. Although the individual components of these materials may have poor mechanical qualities, they form composites of polymers and minerals with a remarkable variety of functional properties. Researchers are now using these natural systems as models for artificial mechanosensors and actuators, through studying both natural structures and their interactions with the environment. In addition to inspiring the design of new materials, analysis of natural structures on this basis can provide insight into evolutionary constraints on structure–function relationships in living organisms and the variety of structural solutions that emerged from these constraints.
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Acknowledgements
The work of F.G.B. was generously supported by the Austrian Science Fund and the BioSenSE programme of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The productive collaboration with engineers, in particular J. A. C. Humphrey, F. G. Rammerstorfer and V. V. Tsukruk and their research groups, is gratefully acknowledged. P.F. was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the framework of the Max Planck Research Prize. He is grateful for discussions with, and advice from, co–workers and colleagues, in particular I. Burgert, R. Elbaum, O. Paris, J. Dunlop and L. Mahadevan.
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Reprints and permissions information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints. Correspondence should be addressed to P. F. (fratzl@mpikg.mpg.de) or F.G.B. (friedrich.g.barth@univie.ac.at).
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Fratzl, P., Barth, F. Biomaterial systems for mechanosensing and actuation. Nature 462, 442–448 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08603
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08603
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