Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal translocations involving the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) gene initiate aggressive forms of leukaemia, which are often refractory to conventional therapies1. Many MLL-fusion partners are members of the super elongation complex (SEC), a critical regulator of transcriptional elongation, suggesting that aberrant control of this process has an important role in leukaemia induction2,3. Here we use a global proteomic strategy to demonstrate that MLL fusions, as part of SEC2,3 and the polymerase-associated factor complex (PAFc)4,5, are associated with the BET family of acetyl-lysine recognizing, chromatin ‘adaptor’ proteins. These data provided the basis for therapeutic intervention in MLL-fusion leukaemia, via the displacement of the BET family of proteins from chromatin. We show that a novel small molecule inhibitor of the BET family, GSK1210151A (I-BET151), has profound efficacy against human and murine MLL-fusion leukaemic cell lines, through the induction of early cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. I-BET151 treatment in two human leukaemia cell lines with different MLL fusions alters the expression of a common set of genes whose function may account for these phenotypic changes. The mode of action of I-BET151 is, at least in part, due to the inhibition of transcription at key genes (BCL2, C-MYC and CDK6) through the displacement of BRD3/4, PAFc and SEC components from chromatin. In vivo studies indicate that I-BET151 has significant therapeutic value, providing survival benefit in two distinct mouse models of murine MLL–AF9 and human MLL–AF4 leukaemia. Finally, the efficacy of I-BET151 against human leukaemia stem cells is demonstrated, providing further evidence of its potent therapeutic potential. These findings establish the displacement of BET proteins from chromatin as a promising epigenetic therapy for these aggressive leukaemias.
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Change history
27 October 2011
The spelling of author name Antje Dittmann was corrected.
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Acknowledgements
We thank S. J. Dawson, A. Bannister, S. Anand and all members of the Huntly and Kouzarides laboratories. We are grateful to H. Doehner, the NCRI AML trials biobank and A. Giles for the provision of patient samples. We acknowledge D. Huang for the BCL2 expression plasmid, L. Gordon for supplying fluorescence resonance energy transfer data and R. Woodward, C. Delves, E. Jones and P. Holmes for protein production. J. Witherington, N. Parr, S. Baddeley and J. Seal provided compound selectivity data. We thank N. Deeks and L. Cutler for providing sample and PK data analysis. We acknowledge K. Smitheman and A. Wyce for help with the cellular analysis of the BET inhibitors, P. Grandi for suggestions and discussion, S. Chan for biophysical assay data, and members of the Epinova team for discussion and suggestions. We thank staff at the ESRF at Grenoble for beamline assistance. We thank T. Werner for assistance with mass spectrometry experiments and data analysis, and the members of the Cellzome Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry, and IT teams for outstanding expertise and diligence. This work was supported by a Wellcome-Beit Intermediate Clinical Fellowship to M.A.D. The Huntly lab is funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Leukaemia Lymphoma Research (UK), the Wellcome Trust, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of America, Cancer Research UK (CRUK) and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. This work in the Kouzarides laboratory was funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (CRUK).
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M.A.D., R.K.P., A.D., G.D., K.L., P.J., B.J.P.H. and T.K. designed the research, interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. M.A.D., A.D., G.G., M.B., W.-I.C., S.C.R., C.-w.C., C.H., M.M.S., C.H., E.G., D.L., S.B., T.D.C., E.J.R., P.E.S., K.R.A. and O.M. performed experiments and analysed data. K.D., R.D. and A.K.B. provided patient samples. M.A.D., R.K.P. and A.D. are joint first authors.
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Dawson, M., Prinjha, R., Dittmann, A. et al. Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia. Nature 478, 529–533 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10509
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10509
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