Introduction

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak began in late December 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide, critically impacting public health systems1. As of May 5, 2021, the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center has reported 161,288,384 confirmed Global COVID-19 cases and a total of 3,347,154 worldwide deaths2. The clinical characteristics of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. In the absence of any established pharmacological agents, supportive care remains the cornerstone of clinical management for COVID-193.

As of October 22, 2020, remdesivir, an antiviral agent, is the only drug approved for treatment of COVID-194,5. An emergency use authorization (EUA) for convalescent plasma was announced on August 23, 20206. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an EUA for bamlanivimab on November 9, 20207. An EUA was issued for baricitinib on November 19, 2020 for use, in combination with remdesivir8, and for casirivimab and imdevimab on November 219. On December 11, 2020 the first vaccine (BNT-162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine) was granted an EUA by the FDA and the same was accepted for a second vaccine (mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine) on December 18, 202010.

Numerous collaborative efforts to discover and evaluate effectiveness of antivirals, immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (at least 327 treatments under investigation), and 257 vaccines have rapidly emerged according to “The Milken Institute” that maintains a detailed COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccine Tracker of research and development progress11. Due to the urgency of the situation, a number of already approved and marketed drugs are being tested for repurposing, including Favipiravir12.

Favipiravir, also known as T-705, a purine nucleic acid analog, is one of the antiviral candidates considered in several clinical trials. It is a chemical used experimentally and was created by the Japanese company Toyama, a subsidiary of Fuji Film, as reported initially by Furuta in 200213. In 2014, it was approved in Japan as a backup choice for resistant influenza infection and since then have been approved in several countries and is indicated for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease14. Favipiravir is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. It is activated in its phosphoribosylated form (Favipiravir-RTP) in cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase activity15.

As of the 12th October 2020, there are 37 studies registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database to evaluate the utility of this repurposed drug to fight against COVID-1916.

Even though multiple articles about Favipiravir are readily available for download online, including some systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted on only two RCTs at this time17,18,19,20,21, the scientific community may find it challenging to get an overview regarding the safety and efficacy of this drug. Therefore, we aim to provide this systematic review and meta-analysis of Favipiravir. To do so, we assess all available completed clinical trials till December 20203.

Methods

Protocol and registration

This systematic review and meta-analysis were reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement22. We registered the protocol in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42020180032). Also, we published this protocol in the BMJ Open journal3.

Eligibility criteria

All clinical trials (study design) which addressed the safety and efficacy of Favipiravir (intervention) in comparison to other control groups (comparison) for treatment of patients with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV2 (population) were included. There were no restrictions concerning gender, age, ethnicity, blinding, follow-up, or publication status. All publications in English and Farsi were included. The investigated outcomes include clinical improvement based on the WHO Ordinal Scale23, viral clearance (negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test in nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs on seven, ten, or 14 days after hospitalization), transferred to ICU (need to admit in the Intensive Care Unit), supplemental oxygen therapy (need to use of oxygen to improve low O2 saturation), adverse events, and mortality. It should be noted that some of the outcomes mentioned in the protocol were not analyzed due to the lack of sufficient data in the final included articles. The data containing at least one Favipiravir-related outcome or side effects were considered sufficient. Articles with unavailable full text in English or Farsi languages or whose full text is not accessible were excluded from the study. The studies with insufficient or incomplete data were not being incorporated.

Information sources and search strategy

Two independent reviewers (MA-Z and SH) searched electronic databases including LitCovid/PubMed24, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane, and Scientific Information Database (SID)25 using keywords combination (MeSH term and free term), such as "2019 nCoV" OR 2019nCoV OR "2019 novel coronavirus" OR COVID-19 OR "new coronavirus" OR "novel coronavirus" OR "SARS CoV-2" OR (Wuhan AND coronavirus) OR "SARS-CoV" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "SARS-CoV-2" and Favipiravir OR Avigan up to 31 December 2020. We also searched two preprint databases including MedRxiv and Research Square and, the reference lists of all included studies, reviews, and clinical trial registries, for an ongoing clinical trial. In addition, we created an alarm on Google Scholar and included new related articles. (see Supplementary file 1 for the final proposed PubMed search strategy).

Study records

Once the records have been imported to EndNote X7 software and all duplicates have been removed, two reviewers (SH and BA) manually and independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-texts of included studies based on predefined eligibility criteria to identify studies concerning the safety and efficacy of Favipiravir among patients with COVID-19. All potentials discrepancies were resolved upon consultation with a third reviewer (MA-Z).

Data extraction and data items

Two reviewers (SH and BA) independently extracted data from included studies, using a pre- piloted data extraction form. We piloted this form using at least three examples of included studies and if there is a 90% and above agreement, it is approved. The data extraction form includes the following items; authors name, year of the publication, study design, study sample, country of origin, mean age of participants, gender, the severity of diseases, comorbidities, type of intervention and dose, control group, follow up, randomization, blinding, allocation concealment, primary and secondary outcomes, and adverse events3,26. All potentials discrepancies were resolved by consultation with a third reviewer (RM).

Risk of bias in individual studies

Two reviewers (MF and FH) independently assessed the risk of bias among the included studies. We assessed the risk of bias of the included studies using Cochrane Collaboration criteria, including seven items of selection bias (random sequence generation and allocation concealment), performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias, and other forms of bias3,26. Any discrepancies were resolved upon consultation with a third reviewer (MA-Z).

Statistical analysis

All analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA; Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, and Rothstein) software version 2, and the risk ratio (RR) index was calculated. CMA software has the ability to combine different indices and to combine the effect of sample size and the difference of the index being compared27. We used the I2 statistics and Cochran test (with significantly less than 0.1) to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies28. In cases where there was heterogeneity, we performed the random-effect model. We also used a subgroup analysis based on follow up days for clinical improvement and viral clearance. One-leave-out sensitivity analysis were conducted for all outcomes based on Cochrane recommendation. Egger and Begg test was used for assessing publication bias.

Results

Description of search

We identified a total of 1340 records after searching the databases. After the removal of 431 duplicate records, the title and abstracts of 909 records were screened. Eight hundred eighty-five records were excluded after title and abstracts screening, and 24 records were assessed for full-text screening. A total of 15 records were excluded based on eligibility criteria. The main reasons for the exclusion included inadequate information (n = 7), absence of study outcome (n = 6), and absence of control group (n = 2). Finally, nine studies were included in our meta-analysis29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37 (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
figure 1

Search process and study flow diagram.

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Characteristics of the included studies

Nine studies encompassing 827 patients were included. According to the geographical area, four studies were conducted in China (44.4%), and Russia, Oman, Egypt, and Japan also had an article. Only one study was nonrandomized. The minimum follow-up time was 10 days, and the maximum was 30 days. The doses of Favipiravir and control drugs in each study were different. All studies registered in clinical trial registries. The summary characteristics of the included studies have been summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 summary characteristics of the included studies.
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Risk of bias in individual studies

Eight (88.8%) studies described the random sequence generation. Six studies (66.6%) described the allocation concealment in an acceptable manner. None of the studies reported acceptable blinding for participants and personnel. Only one study (11.1%) reported blinding of outcome assessment. The risk of bias summary and risk of bias graph is reported in Supplementary file 2 and 3.

The results of the meta-analysis

Clinical improvement

Among the included studies, six studies assessed clinical improvement during 14 days after hospitalization, and five studies were assessed during seven days after hospitalization. The results of the meta-analysis revealed a significant clinical improvement in the Favipiravir group versus the control group during seven days after hospitalization (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09–1.41; P = 0.001, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.939). On the other hand, in 14 days after hospitalization, clinical improvement was 10% higher in the Favipiravir group, but this finding not statistically significant (RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.97–1.25; P = 0.108, I2 = 34.5%, P = 0.177) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2
figure 2

The meta-analysis of clinical improvement of Favipiravir on COVID-19 patients (black circle: individual studies; orange diamond: overall of subgroups; red diamond: overall of all included studies).

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Viral clearance

The result of meta-analysis show that, viral clearance was more in 14 days after hospitalization in Favipiravir group than control group, but this finding marginally not significant (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.98–1.25; P = 0.094, I2 = 42.9%, P = 0.112). Viral clearance in 7 and 10 days after hospitalization not statistically different between two groups (RR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.83–1.39; P = 0.580, I2 = 62.1%, P = 0.022 for 7 days and RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.92–1.13; P = 0.648, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.846 for 10 days) (Fig. 3).

Figure 3
figure 3

The meta-analysis of viral clearance of Favipiravir on COVID-19 patients (orange diamond: summery of sub groups; red diamond: summery of total).

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Requiring supplemental oxygen therapy

Based on the meta-analysis, requiring supplemental oxygen therapy in the Favipiravir group was 7% less than the control group, but this finding not statistically significant (RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.67–1.28; P = 0.664, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.950) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4
figure 4

The meta-analysis of requiring supplemental oxygen therapy of Favipiravir on COVID-19 patients (red diamond: summery of total).

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Adverse events

Meta-analysis comparing adverse events between the Favipiravir and the control groups showed lesser odds for adverse effects in the Favipiravir arm but of no statistical significance (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.34–1.70; P = 0.524, I2 = 85.4%, P < 0.001) (Fig. 5).

Figure 5
figure 5

The meta-analysis of adverse events of Favipiravir on COVID-19 patients (red diamond: summery of total).

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Almost all adverse events of Favipiravir were mild to moderate and in an equal or lower rate compared to the control groups. The most prevalent adverse events included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pain as well as increase in serum liver transaminase and uric acid levels.

Transferred to ICU

Based on meta-analysis, transferred to ICU not statistically different between two groups (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.49–2.59; P = 0.759, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.525) (Fig. 6).

Figure 6
figure 6

The meta-analysis of transferred to ICU of Favipiravir on COVID-19 patients (red diamond: summery of total).

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Mortality

Based on the meta-analysis, the mortality rate in the Favipiravir group was approximately 30% less than the control group, but this finding not statistically significant (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.26–1.28; P = 0.664, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.950) (Fig. 7).

Figure 7
figure 7

The meta-analysis of mortality of Favipiravir on COVID-19 patients (red diamond: summery of total).

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Sensitivity analysis

The results of sensitivity analysis did not show any difference in all outcomes and confirmed the previous results.

Publication bias

Publication bias was not observed among the included studies according to the results of the Egger (P = 0.944) and Begg test (P = 0.956).

Discussion

The COVID-19 causing SARS-CoV-2, an acute respiratory disease, is spreading rapidly and has led to a pandemic with devastating effects within a few months of November 201938. The number of infected cases, as well as the mortality rate associated with the virus, has astronomically raised around the world. The main challenge of COVID-19 is the lack of approved pharmacotherapy and vaccination, as well as the absence of evidence for reliable treatment options38. Although various agents are undergoing clinical trials, the urgency of the situation has made scientists repurpose the antiviral agents.

Favipiravir, as a ribonucleotide analog and selective inhibitor of the viral RNA polymerase enzyme, can cause widespread antiviral activity against RNA-carrying viruses, thereby preventing replication and transcription of the viral genome39. It has been approved for the treatment of new influenza viruses in Japan and China. It has also been shown to be effective against Ebola and RNA viruses caused by viral hemorrhagic fever31.

However, none of the society and organizational guidelines (IDSA guidelines, World Health Organization guidelines, National Institutes of Health guidelines) recommend using Favipiravir in the management of COVID-19, given the varying results of existing clinical trials data36. Moreover, this drug revealed controversial results in different clinical trials conducted on COVID-19. Therefore, we decided to investigate the safety and efficacy of Favipiravir in the treatment of COVID-19. Our meta-analysis was carried out on nine eligible studies with 827 patients.

The obtained results demonstrated the clinical improvement after seven and 14 days of hospitalization was more remarkable in patients taking Favipiravir than those receiving other drugs. Another meta-analysis conducted by Shrestha et al. demonstrated that clinical improvement was observed on both the seventh and 14th day of treatment40. Udwadia et al. reported the time of clinical improvement was significantly faster in patients in the Favipiravir group than those who are not36.

The viral clearance after 14 days of hospitalization among patients taking Favipiravir was more than those taking other drugs. However, this difference was not statistically significant after seven and ten days, which could be related to inappropriate dose and duration of treatment with Favipiravir35. In another meta-analysis by Shrestha et al., it was stated that viral clearance on seventh and 14th was not significant between the Favipiravir and control groups40.

This difference between the results of our analysis and the mentioned meta-analysis might be due to an insufficient number of studies and a small sample size in the Shrestha et al. meta-analysis. Adolfo Pérez-García et al. reported that a randomized study on 80 patients with mild COVID-19 showed Favipiravir group reduced virus clearance time by 50% compared to Lopinavir/Ritonavir group39.

Our study showed requiring supplemental oxygen therapy among patients taking Favipiravir was less than those taking control drugs. Dhan Bahadur Shrestha et al. also showed that patients receiving Favipiravir had less need for oxygen and non-invasive mechanical ventilation40.

The results of the present study showed that the groups treated with Favipiravir had a lower chance of side effects compared to the control groups. This finding is consistent with the meta-analysis carried out by Shrestha et al.40. Khamis et al. also found intervention with Favipiravir had no significant side effects, including hyperuricemia, abnormalities in liver enzymes, or QTc prolongation34.

Erdem et al. found that side effects occurred in 13% of patients during treatment with Favipiravir. The most common side effects were elevation of liver enzymes, total bilirubin, and uric acid, as well as gastrointestinal disorders. This trial consists of five patients, and All five experienced mild to moderate rise in liver enzymes, three of them nausea, and one of them neutropenia. All side effects were self-limited. There was no association between underlying disease and serious side effects, and no patients stopped Favipiravir due to side effects38.Victoria Pilkington et al. demonstrated that patients who took Favipiravir had no serious side effects. However, an increase in serum uric acid remains a concern, and the analysis of studies showed some evidence of a dose-dependent increase in this biochemical parameter. Other complications, including teratogenic potential and QTc prolongation, have not been sufficiently studied41. Denis Malvy et al. also reported that Favipiravir is well tolerated and safe in short-term administration. However, more evidence is necessary to conclude long-term safety42. Udwadia et al. reported most of the side effects were mild to moderate, and the most common side effects were an asymptomatic transient rise in serum uric acid and liver enzymes. On the other hand, gastrointestinal disorders were minimal36.

Totally, intervention with Favipiravir exerted minor tolerable side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and elevated serum transaminases. There were no serious life-threatening side effects after treatments with Favipiravir. Possible side effects could not be attributed to the only consumption of Favipiravir. Patients in the Favipiravir groups received other drugs in all three trials40.

Our analysis showed the need for admission in ICU is not statistically significant between the Favipiravir groups and control groups. Khamis et al. also revealed there was no significant difference between Favipiravir and hydroxychloroquine group in the case of transfer to ICU34. Additionally, Yan Lou et al. found only two of the 22 patients in Favipiravir and one patient in baloxavir marboxil group transferred to the ICU within seven days of starting intervention35.

Based on the results of the analysis, there has been a decrease in all-cause mortality in patients who took Favipiravir compared to those who took control of drugs. In a study carried out by Dabbous, one patient in the hydroxychloroquine group expired. However, no death was reported in the Favipiravir group31.

Considering the importance of treating patients with COVID-19, further studies on the role of Favipiravir in the management of COVID-19 patients are recommended. Despite the limitation, the present study provided the information needed for treating COVID-19, suggesting that Favipiravir is associated with significant clinical and laboratory improvement in most patients and it is a safe drug with no serious side effects38.

There is some evidence to support the safety and tolerability of Favipiravir in short-term administration. However, more evidence is necessary to evaluate the exact long-term effects of this intervention. Due to limited evidence and other specific safety concerns, caution should be considered in the widespread use of Favipiravir against the COVI D-19 epidemic43.

Limitations

There are some limitations to the included studies. First, the sample size is low in each study. Second, due to multiple drug pharmacotherapy of patients with COVID-19 in the most included study, there was, therefore, a risk of influencing the efficacy and also the safety of intervention with Favipiravir. Third, the dosage and duration of intervention with Favipiravir are different among the included studies. Fourth, it is difficult to determine the clinical improvement found in patients treated with Favipiravir from different disease severity, ages, and medical conditions in the different studies.

Conclusion

Overall, Favipiravir possibly exerted no significant beneficial effect in the term of mortality in the general group of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. We should consider that perhaps the use of antivirals once the patient has symptoms is too late and this would explain their low efficacy in the clinical setting. There upon, more clinical trials with a larger sample size are necessary to evaluate the exact efficacy and safety of this intervention.