Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Research Article
  • Published:

Urinary phytoestrogen concentrations in the U.S. population (1999–2000)

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology volume 15, pages 509–523 (2005)Cite this article

Abstract

We report population-based urinary concentrations of phytoestrogens stratified by age, sex, and composite racial/ethnic variables. We measured the isoflavones — genistein, daidzein, equol, and O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) — and the lignans — enterolactone and enterodiol — in approximately 2500 urine samples from individuals aged 6 years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 1999 and 2000. We detected all phytoestrogens in over 70% of the samples analyzed; enterolactone was detected in the highest concentrations, and daidzein was detected with the highest frequency. The geometric means for each phytoestrogen were as follows: genistein, 22.3 μg/g; daidzein, 68.6 μg/g; equol, 7.65 μg/g; O-DMA, 3.95 μg/g; enterolactone, 217 μg/g; and enterodiol, 24.3 μg/g creatinine. The 95th percentiles for each phytoestrogen were as follows: genistein, 380 μg/g; daidzein, 944 μg/g; equol, 50.3 μg/g; O-DMA, 217 μg/g; enterolactone, 2240 μg/g; and enterodiol, 240 μg/g creatinine. Multivariate analyses showed statistically significant differences among many of the demographic subgroups. Adolescents had higher concentrations of genistein and equol than adults. Non-Hispanic whites had higher concentrations of enterodiol and equol than Mexican Americans or non-Hispanic blacks. Non-Hispanic whites also had higher concentrations of enterolactone and O-DMA than Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans had higher concentrations of genistein than non-Hispanic blacks; however, the opposite was found for O-DMA. Determination of phytoestrogen exposure in the US population will help us to better understand phytoestrogen consumption in the US and will assist us in elucidating the potential role of phytoestrogens in protecting against cancer and heart disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adlercreutz H. Phytoestrogens: epidemiology and a possible role in cancer protection. Environ Health Perspect 1995: 103 (Suppl. 7): 103–112.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H. Phyto-oestrogens and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002: 3: 364–373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Bannwart C., Wahala K., Makela T., Brunow G., and Hase T. Determination of urinary lignans and phytoestrogen metabolites, potential antiestrogens and anticarcinogens, in urine of women on various habitual diets. J Steroid Biochem 1986: 25: 791–797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Kurzer M.S., Wahala K., Makela T., and Hase T. Isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of unconjugated lignans and isoflavonoids in human feces, with preliminary results in omnivorous and vegetarian women. Anal Biochem 1995a: 225: 101–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Watanabe S., Lampe J., Wahala K., Makela T., and Hase T. Determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cancer Detect Prev 1994: 18: 259–271.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., Hamalainen E., Gorbach S., and Goldin B. Dietary phyto-oestrogens and the menopause in Japan. Lancet 1992: 339: 1233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., Hockerstedt K., Bannwart C., Bloigu S., Hamalainen E., Fotsis T., and Ollus A. Effect of dietary components, including lignans and phytoestrogens, on enterohepatic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). J Steroid Biochem 1987: 27: 1135–1144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., Honjo H., Higashi A., Fotsis T., Hamalainen E., Hasegawa T., and Okada H. Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1991: 54: 1093–1100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., and Mazur W. Phyto-oestrogens and Western diseases. Ann Med 1997: 29: 95–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., van der W.J., Kinzel J., Attalla H., Wahala K., Makela T., Hase T., and Fotsis T. Lignan and isoflavonoid conjugates in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995b: 52: 97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz H., Yamada T., Wahala K., and Watanabe S. Maternal and neonatal phytoestrogens in Japanese women during birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999: 180: 737–743.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi P., Pansini F., Bottazzi M., Bonaccorsi G., De Aloysio D., and Morton M.S. Dietary soy supplementation and phytoestrogen levels. Obstet Gynecol 1999: 94 (2): 229–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson J.J., Anthony M.S., Cline J.M., Washburn S.A., and Garner S.C. Health potential of soy isoflavones for menopausal women. Public Health Nutr 1999: 2: 489–504.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson J.W., Johnstone B.M., and Cook-Newell M.E. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995: 333: 276–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arai Y., Uehara M., Sato Y., Kimira M., Eboshida A., Adlercreutz H., and Watanabe S. Comparison of isoflavones among dietary intake, plasma concentration and urinary excretion for accurate estimation of phytoestrogen intake. J Epidemiol 2000: 10: 127–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bannwart C., Fotsis T., Heikkinen R., and Adlercreutz H. Identification of the isoflavonic phytoestrogen daidzein in human urine. Clln Chim Acta 1984: 136 (1–2): 165–172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes S., Grubbs C., Setchell K.D., and Carlson J. Soybeans inhibit mammary tumors in models of breast cancer. In: Pariza M.W., Aeschbacher H.W., Elton J.S., Sato S. (eds.) Mutagens and Carcinogens in the Diet. Wiley-Liss: New York, 1990, pp. 239–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennetau-Pelissero C., Le Houerou C., Lamothe V., Le Menn F., Babin P., and Bennetau B. Synthesis of haptens and conjugates for ELISAs of phytoestrogens. Development of the immunological tests. J Agric Food Chem 2000: 48: 305–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernert Jr. J.T., Turner W.E., Pirkle J.L., Sosnoff C.S., Akins J.R., Waldrep M.K., Ann Q., Covey T.R., Whitfield W.E., Gunter E.W., Miller B.B., Patterson Jr. D.G., Needham L.L., Hannon W.H., and Sampson E.J. Development and validation of sensitive method for determination of serum cotinine in smokers and nonsmokers by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 1997: 43: 2281–2291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhathena S.J., and Velasquez M.T. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2002: 76: 1191–1201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy A., and Griffin B. Phyto-oestrogens: a potential role in the prevention of CHD? Proc Nutr Soc 1999: 58: 193–199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2003. Available at www.cdc.gov/exposurereport.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available: www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.

  • Clarkson T.B. Soy, soy phytoestrogens and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr 2002: 132: 566S–569S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson T.B., and Anthony M.S. Phytoestrogens and coronary heart disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998: 12: 589–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coward L., Smith M., Kirk M., and Barnes S. Chemical modification of isoflavones in soyfoods during cooking and processing. Am J Clin Nutr 1998: 68: 1486S–1491S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dai Q., Franke A.A., Jin F., Shu X.O., Hebert J.R., Custer L.J., Cheng J., Gao Y.T., and Zheng W. Urinary excretion of phytoestrogens and risk of breast cancer among Chinese women in Shanghai. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002: 11: 815–821.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis S.R., Dalais F.S., Simpson E.R., and Murkies A.L. Phytoestrogens in health and disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 1999: 54: 185–210.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day A.J., DuPont M.S., Ridley S., Rhodes M., Rhodes M.J., Morgan M.R., and Williamson G. Deglycosylation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid glycosides by human small intestine and liver beta-glucosidase activity. FEBS Lett 1998: 436: 71–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kleijn M.J., van der Schouw Y.T., Wilson P.W., Grobbee D.E., and Jacques P.F. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with a favorable metabolic cardiovascular risk profile in postmenopausal U.S. women: the Framingham study. J Nutr 2002: 132: 276–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • den Tonkelaar I., Keinan-Boker L., Veer P.V., Arts C.J., Adlercreutz H., Thijssen J.H., and Peeters P.H. Urinary phytoestrogens and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001: 10: 223–228.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster W.G., Chan S., Platt L., and Hughes Jr. C.L. Detection of phytoestrogens in samples of second trimester human amniotic fluid. Toxicol Lett 2002: 129: 199–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franke A.A., and Custer L.J. High performance liquid chromatographic assay of isoflavonoids and coumestrol from human urine. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1994: 662 (1): 47–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franke A.A., Custer L.J., Cerna C.M., and Narala K. Rapid HPLC analysis of dietary phytoestrogens from legumes and from human urine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995: 208: 18–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franke A.A., Yu M.C., Maskarinec G., Fanti P., Zheng W., and Custer L.J. Phytoestrogens in human biomatrices including breast milk. Biochem Soc Trans. 1999: 27: 308–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gambacciani M., Ciaponi M., Cappagli B., Piaggesi L., and Genazzani A.R. Effects of combined low dose of the isoflavone derivative ipriflavone and estrogen replacement on bone mineral density and metabolism in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1997: 28: 75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gooderham M.H., Adlercreutz H., Ojala S.T., Wahala K., and Holub B.J. A soy protein isolate rich in genistein and daidzein and its effects on plasma isoflavone concentrations, platelet aggregation, blood lipids and fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid in normal men. J Nutr 1996: 126: 2000–2006.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn-Ross P.L., Barnes S., Kirk M., Coward L., Parsonnet J., and Hiatt R.A. Urinary phytoestrogen levels in young women from a multiethnic population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997: 6: 339–345.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung R.W., and Reed D.L. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 1990: 5: 46–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins A.M., Lampe J.W., Martini M.C., Campbell D.R., and Slavin J.L. Vegetables, fruits, and legumes: effect on urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogen and lignan excretion. J Am Diet Assoc 1995a: 95: 769–774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L., and Lampe J.W. Urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogen and lignan excretion after consumption of fermented and unfermented soy products. J Am Diet Assoc 1995b: 95: 545–551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., and Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet 1997: 350: 990–994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irvine C.H., Fitzpatrick M.G., and Alexander S.L. Phytoestrogens in soy-based infant foods: concentrations, daily intake, and possible biological effects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998: 217: 247–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joannou G.E., Kelly G.E., Reeder A.Y., Waring M., and Nelson C. A urinary profile study of dietary phytoestrogens. The identification and mode of metabolism of new isoflavonoids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995: 54: 167–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kardinaal A.F., Morton M.S., Bruggemann-Rotgans I.E., and van Beresteijn E.C. Phyto-oestrogen excretion and rate of bone loss in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998: 52 (11): 850–855.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., and Slavin J.L. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 1997: 66: 46–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly G.E., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y., Nelson C., and Waring M.A. The variable metabolic response to dietary isoflavones in humans. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995: 208: 40–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M.K., Chung B.C., Yu V.Y., Nam J.H., Lee H.C., Huh K.B., and Lim S.K. Relationships of urinary phyto-oestrogen excretion to BMD in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002: 56: 321–328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkman L.M., Lampe J.W., Campbell D.R., Martini M.C., and Slavin J. Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in men and women consuming vegetable and soy diets. Nutr Cancer 1995: 24 (1): 1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzer M.S. Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men. J Nutr 2002: 132: 570S–573S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L'homme R., Brouwers E., Al Maharik N., Lapcik O., Hampl R., Mikola H., Wahala K., and Adlercreutz H. Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of plasma and urine O-desmethylangolensin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002: 81: 353–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lampe J.W. Isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens as dietary biomarkers. J Nutr 2003: 133: 956S–964S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lampe J.W., Gustafson D.R., Hutchins A.M., Martini M.C., Li S., Wahala K., Grandits G.A., Potter J.D., and Slavin J.L. Urinary isoflavonoid and lignan excretion on a Western diet: relation to soy, vegetable, and fruit intake. Biomarkers Prev 1999: 8: 699–707.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lampe J.W., Karr S.C., Hutchins A.M., and Slavin J.L. Urinary equol excretion with a soy challenge: influence of habitual diet. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998: 217: 335–339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maubach J., Bracke M.E., Heyerick A., Depypere H.T., Serreyn R.F., Mareel M.M., and De Keukeleire D. Quantitation of soy-derived phytoestrogens in human brease tissue and biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003: 784: 137–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messina M., and Bennink M. Soyfoods, isoflavones and risk of colonic cancer: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Bailliers Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998: 12: 707–728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton M.S., Arisaka O., Miyake N., Morgan L.D., and Evans B.A. Phytoestrogen concentrations in serum from Japanese men and women over forty years of age. J Nutr 2002: 132: 3168–3171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy P.A., Song T., Buseman G., Barua K., Beecher G.R., Trainer D., and Holden J. Isoflavones in retail and institutional soy foods. J Agric Food Chem 1999: 47: 2697–2704.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinli K, and Block G. Phytoestrogen content foods—a compendium of literature values. Nutr Cancer 1996: 26: 123–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roach V.J., Cheung T.F., Chung T.K., Hjelm N.M., Waring M.A., Loong E.P., and Haines C.J. Phytoestrogens: dietary intake and excretion in postmenopausal Chinese women. Climacteric 1998: 1: 290–295.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland I., Wiseman H., Sanders T., Adlercreutz H., and Bowey E. Metabolism of oestrogens and phytoestrogens: role of the gut microflora. Biochem Soc Trans 1999: 27: 304–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland I.R., Wiseman H., Sanders T.A., Adlercreutz H., and Bowey E.A. Interindividual variation in metabolism of soy isoflavones and ligans: influence of habitual diet on equol production by the gut microflora. Nutr Cancer 2000: 36: 27–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serraino M., and Thompson L.U. The effect of flaxseed supplementation on early risk markers for mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 1991: 60: 135–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serraino M., and Thompson L.U. Flaxseed supplementation and eary markers of colon carconogenesis. Cancer Lett 1992: 63: 159–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setchell K.D., Borriello S.P., Hulme P., Kirk D.N., and Axelson M. Nonsteroidal estrogens of dietary origin: possible roles in hormone-dependent disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1984: 40: 569–578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Desai P., Zimmer-Nechemias L., Wolfe B.E., Brashear W.T., Kirschner A.S., Cassidy A., and Heubi J.E. Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. J Nutr 2001: 131: 1362S–1375S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., and Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. J Nutr 2002a: 132: 3577–3584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Zimmer-Nechemias L., Brashear W.T., Wolfe B.E., Kirschner A.S., and Heubi J.E. Evidence for lack of absorption of soy isoflavone glycosides in humans, supporting the crucial role of intestinal metabolism for bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2002b: 76: 447–453.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setchell K.D., and Cassidy A. Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health. J Nutr 1999: 129: 758S–767S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setchell K.D., Faughnan M.S., Avades T., Zimmer-Nechemias L., Brown N.M., Wolfe B.E., Brashear W.T., Desai P., Oldfield M.F., Botting N.P., and Cassidy A. Comparing the pharmacokinetics of daidzein and genistein with the use of 13C-labeled tracers in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003: 77: 411–419.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Severson R.K., Nomura A.M., Grove J.S., and Stemmermann G.N. A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res 1989: 49: 1857–1860.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf K., Pietinen P., Puska P., and Adlercreutz H. Changes in serum enterolactone, genistein, and daidzein in a dietary intervention study in Finland. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000: 9: 1369–1372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson L.U., Robb P., Serraino M., and Cheung F. Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr Cancer 1991: 16: 43–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uehar M., Arai Y., Watanabe S., and Adlercreutz H. Comparison of plasma and urinary phytoestrogens in Japanese and Finnish women by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Biofactors 2000: 12: 217–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valentín-Blasini L., Blount B.C., Caudill S.P., and Needham L.L. Urinary and serum concentrations of seven phytoestrogens in a human reference population subset. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2003: 13: 276–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valentín-Blasini L., Blount B.C., Rogers H.S., and Needham L.L. HPLC-MS/MS method for the measurement of seven phytoestrogens in human serum and urine. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000: 10: 799–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent A., and Fitzpatrick L.A. Soy isoflavones: are they useful in menopause? Mayo Clin Proc 2000: 75: 1174–1184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X., Duncan A.M., Merz B.E., and Kurzer M.S. Effects of soy isoflavones on estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998: 7 (12): 1101–1108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y., Wang G.J., Song T.T., Murphy P.A., and Hendrich S. Urinary disposition of the soybean isoflavones daidzein, genistein and glycitein differs among humans with moderate fecal isoflavone degradation activity. J Nutr 1999: 129: 957–962.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank those individuals, especially Susan Schober, Brenda Lewis and Cliff Johnson, at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), who were responsible for the planning and administering of NHANES. We also thank Jim Pirkle, Elaine Gunter and Christine Pfeiffer of the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) of the CDC for serving as liaisons with NCHS. We thank Sam Caudill (NCEH) for statistical evaluations and Tom Bernert and his research team for serum cotinine measurements. We also thank the University of Minnesota's Medical Center for providing creatinine measurements and Westat for its many activities in conducting the NHANES.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA

    Liza Valentín-Blasini, Melissa A Sadowski, Donna Walden, Lisa Caltabiano, Larry L Needham & Dana B Barr

Authors
  1. Liza Valentín-Blasini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Melissa A Sadowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Donna Walden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lisa Caltabiano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Larry L Needham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dana B Barr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liza Valentín-Blasini.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Valentín-Blasini, L., Sadowski, M., Walden, D. et al. Urinary phytoestrogen concentrations in the U.S. population (1999–2000). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 15, 509–523 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500429

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500429

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links