Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Paraneoplastic syndromes in prostate cancer

Nature Reviews Urology volume 7, pages 681–692 (2010)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the second most common urological malignancy to be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes after renal cell carcinoma. These syndromes tend to occur in the setting of late stage and aggressive tumors with poor overall outcomes. Recognition of these syndromes is clinically important as it might lead to the detection of underlying malignancy and impact on the treatment options available. The literature features around 100 cases of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with prostate cancer and these include endocrine manifestations, neurological entities, dermatological conditions, and other syndromes. Over 70% of cases document the syndrome as the initial clinical manifestation of prostate cancer, while in just under 20% the syndrome was an initial sign of disease progression to the castrate-resistant state. The vast majority of cases involved advanced metastatic malignancy. The syndromes generally resolve upon institution of treatment for the underlying prostate cancer, but some syndromes require specific therapies. Some syndromes are associated with serum markers that are readily detectable and demonstration of these putative markers within prostate cancer tissue at an individual level would firmly link the paraneoplastic syndrome with its underlying prostatic malignancy. The causes of paraneoplastic syndromes in prostate cancer are incompletely understood, and further research into their biology might shed more light on the complex molecular mechanisms that underpin prostate cancer and its lethal potential.

Key Points

  • Prostate cancer is the second most common urological malignancy (after renal cell carcinoma) to be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes

  • Prostate cancer associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome tends to be metastatic and follow an aggressive course

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes might be the initial presenting manifestation of occult prostate cancer or might represent the first signs of progression to castrate-resistant disease

  • Histology of prostate cancer associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome frequently reveals neuroendocrine features or small cell carcinoma

  • Demonstration within prostate tissue of the putative marker responsible for the paraneoplastic syndrome strongly supports a diagnosis

  • Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes usually resolve with treatment of the underlying malignancy although initial symptomatic therapy might be required

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1: Temperature chart.
Figure 2: Immunohistochemical staining for Interleukin 6 (IL-6).
Figure 3: Serum sodium.
Figure 4: Immunohistochemical staining for antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Pelosof, L. C. & Gerber, D. E. Paraneoplastic syndromes: an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin. Proc. 85, 838–854 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Sacco, E. et al. Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with urological malignancies. Urol. Int. 83, 1–11 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Nimalasena, S., Freeman, A. & Harland, S. Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome in prostate cancer: a difficult management problem. BJU Int. 101, 424–427 (2008).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mauri, D., Pentheroudakis, G., Tolis, C., Chojnacka, M. & Pavlidis, N. Inflammatory prostate cancer: an underestimated paraneoplastic clinical manifestation. Urol. Oncol. 23, 318–322 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Matzkin, H. & Braf, Z. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol. 138, 1129–1133 (1987).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sellwood, R. A. et al. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by carcinoma of the prostate. Br. J. Surg. 56, 933–935 (1969).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sacks, S. A., Rhodes, D. B., Malkasian, D. R. & Rosenbloom, A. A. Prostatic carcinoma producing syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Urology 6, 489–492 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ghandur-Mnaymneh, L., Satterfield, S. & Block, N. L. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate gland with inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: morphological, immunohistochemical and clinical expressions. J. Urol. 135, 1263–1266 (1986).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Oesterling, J. E., Hauzeur, C. G. & Farrow, G. M. Small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate: a clinical, pathological and immunohistological study of 27 patients. J. Urol. 147, 804–807 (1992).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gasparini, M. E., Broderick, G. A. & Narayan, P. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 150, 978–980 (1993).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ito, H. et al. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with ectopic antidiuretic hormone production: a case report. Hinyokika Kiyo 46, 499–503 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yalçin, S., Erman, M., Tekuzman, G. & Ruacan, S. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) associated with prostatic carcinoma. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 384–385 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamazaki, T. et al. Prostate adenocarcinoma producing syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Int. J. Urol. 8, 513–516 (2001).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Garzotto, M. & Beer, T. M. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: a rare complication of prostate cancer. J. Urol. 166, 1386 (2001).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kawai, S. et al. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate expressing prostate-specific antigen and showing syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: an autopsy case report. Pathol. Int. 53, 892–896 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bogdanos, J., Karamanolakis, D., Milathianakis, C. & Koutsilieris, M. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in a patient with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Anticancer Res. 23, 1755–1756 (2003).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kumar, S. & Berl, T. Sodium. Lancet 352, 220–228 (1998).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Newell-Price, J., Trainer, P., Besser, M. & Grossman, A. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr. Rev. 19, 647–672 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hall, T. C. Symptomatic hypokalemic alkalosis in hyperadrenocorticism secondary to carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 21, 190–192 (1968).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Newmark, S. R., Dluhy, R. G. & Bennett, A. H. Ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome with prostatic carcinoma. Urology 2, 666–668 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wenk, R. E., Bhagavan, B. S., Levy, R., Miller, D. & Weisburger, W. Ectopic ACTH, prostatic oat cell carcinoma, and marked hypernatremia. Cancer 40, 773–778 (1977).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Vuitch, M. F. & Mendelsohn, G. Relationship of ectopic ACTH production to tumor differentiation: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of prostatic carcinoma with Cushing's syndrome. Cancer 47, 296–299 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ghali, V. S. & Garcia, R. L. Prostatic adenocarcinoma with carcinoidal features producing adrenocorticotropic syndrome. Immunohistochemical study and review of the literature. Cancer 54, 1043–1048 (1984).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Slater, D. Carcinoid tumour of the prostate associated with inappropriate ACTH secretion. Br. J. Urol. 57, 591–592 (1985).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rickman, T., Garmany, R., Doherty, T., Benson, D. & Okusa, M. D. Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and hypertension: Cushing's syndrome in a patient with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 37, 838–846 (2001).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kataoka, K. et al. Cushing syndrome associated with prostatic tumor adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) expression after maximal androgen blockade therapy. Int. J. Urol. 14, 436–439 (2007).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rajec, J. et al. Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome as the first sign of progression of prostate cancer. Bratisl. Lek. Listy. 109, 362–363 (2008).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Alwani, R. A. et al. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production by (neuroendocrine) prostate carcinoma. Pituitary 12, 280–283 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Carey, R. M. et al. Ectopic secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor as a cause of Cushing's syndrome. A clinical, morphologic, and biochemical study. N. Engl. J. Med. 311, 13–20 (1984).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. McMahon, G. T., Blake, M. A. & Wu, C. L. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 1–2010. A 75-year-old man with hypertension, hyperglycemia, and edema. N. Engl. J. Med. 362, 156–166 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Agarwal, N., Hutson, T. E., Vogelzang, N. J. & Sonpavde, G. Abiraterone acetate: a promising drug for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Future Oncol. 6, 665–679 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Barkin, J., Crassweller, P. O., Roncari, D. A. & Onrot, J. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer of prostate without bony metastases. Urology 24, 368–371 (1984).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rojas-Corona, R. R., Chen, L. Z. & Mahadevia, P. S. Prostatic carcinoma with endocrine features. A report of a neoplasm containing multiple immunoreactive hormonal substances. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 88, 759–762 (1987).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Smith, D. C., Tucker, J. A. & Trump, D. L. Hypercalcemia and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 499–505 (1992).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Iwamura, M. et al. Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 53, 1724–1726 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Haznedar, R. Pancytopenia with a hypercellular bone marrow as a possible paraneoplastic syndrome. Am. J. Hematol. 19, 205–206 (1985).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cooper, D. L., Sandler, A. B., Wilson, L. D. & Duffy, T. P. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and excessive fibrinolysis in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer. Response to epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Cancer 70, 656–658 (1992).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jensen, J. B. & Langkilde, N. C. Subcutaneous bleeding: first sign of prostate cancer. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 34, 215–216 (2000).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Duran, I. & Tannock, I. F. Disseminated intravascular coagulation as the presenting sign of metastatic prostate cancer. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 21, C6–C8 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Hicks, J. Case report: disseminated intravascular coagulation as the presenting sign of metastatic prostate cancer. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 22, 1062 (2007).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Pinto, F. et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to metastatic prostate cancer: case report and review of the literature. Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl. 81, 212–214 (2009).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chargari, C. et al. Prostate cancer and disseminated intravascular coagulation: review of the literature [French]. Prog. Urol. 18, 9–13 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Adamson, A. S., Francis, J. L., Witherow, R. O. & Snell, M. E. Coagulopathy in the prostate cancer patient: prevalence and clinical relevance. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 75, 100–104 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Ansai, S., Koseki, S., Takeda, H., Kondo, S. & Yamakawa, M. Dermatomyositis accompanied by prostatic cancer and elevated serum CA 19.9. Int. J. Dermatol. 35, 570–571 (1996).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Joseph, J. V., Turner, K. J. & Bramwell, S. P. Dermatomyositis: a rare initial presentation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 168, 637 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Masuda, H., Urushibara, M. & Kihara, K. Successful treatment of dermatomyositis associated with adenocarcinoma of the prostate after radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 169, 1084 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Subramonian, K., Sundaram, S. K. & MacDonald Hull, S. P. Carcinoma of the prostate associated with dermatomyositis. BJU Int. 86, 401–402 (2000).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dyall-Smith, D. & Billson, V. Sweet's syndrome associated with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Australas. J. Dermatol. 29, 25–27 (1988).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. da Rosa, A. C., Pinto, G. M., Bortoluzzi, J. S., Duquia, R. P. & de Almeida, H. L. Jr. Three simultaneous paraneoplastic manifestations (ichthyosis acquisita, Bazex syndrome, and Leser-Trélat sign) with prostate adenocarcinoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 61, 538–540 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Obasi, O. E. & Garg, S. K. Bazex paraneoplastic acrokeratosis in prostate carcinoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 117, 647–651 (1987).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Momm, F., Pflieger, D. & Lutterbach, J. Paraneoplastic erythroderma in a prostate cancer patient. Strahlenther. Onkol. 178, 393–395 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Vogt, T., Coras, B., Hafner, C., Landthaler, M. & Reichle, A. Antiangiogenic therapy in metastatic prostate carcinoma complicated by cutaneous lupus erythematodes. Lancet Oncol. 7, 695–697 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Agarawal, S. K., Birch, B. R. & Abercrombie, G. F. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate and Eaton-Lambert syndrome. A previously unreported association. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 29, 351–353 (1995).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Delahunt, B., Abernethy, D. A., Johnson, C. A. & Nacey, J. N. Prostate carcinoma and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J. Urol. 169, 278–279 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Têtu, B. et al. Small cell carcinoma of prostate associated with myasthenic (Eaton-Lambert) syndrome. Urology 33, 148–152 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Clouston, P. D. et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. III. Cerebellar degeneration, cancer, and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 42, 1944–1950 (1992).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Baloh, R. W. et al. Novel brainstem syndrome associated with prostate carcinoma. Neurology 43, 2591–2596 (1993).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Berger, J. R., Bensalem, M. & Dalmau, J. A brainstem paraneoplastic syndrome associated with prostate cancer. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80, 934–935 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Stern, R. C. & Hulette, C. M. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Mod. Pathol. 12, 814–818 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Campbell, J. R., Godsall, J. W. & Bloch, S. Neurologic complications in prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 2, 417–423 (1981).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Baird, A. D., Cornford, P. A., Helliwell, T. & Woolfenden, K. A. Small cell prostate cancer with anti-Hu positive peripheral neuropathy. J. Urol. 168, 192 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Venkatesh, P. K. et al. Metastatic pure small-cell carcinoma of prostate. Am. J. Med. Sci. 328, 286–289 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. McLoughlin, J., Gingell, J. C., Harper, G. & Hinchliffe, A. Cerebellar manifestations of prostatic carcinoma. Postgrad. Med. J. 68, 584–586 (1992).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Matschke, J. et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibodies in a man with prostatic adenocarcinoma. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78, 775–777 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rosenfeld, M. R. & Dalmau, J. Current therapies for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 5, 69–77 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hommel, B. L. & Grovit, M. Neuropathy associated with prostate cancer. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 88, 249–250 (1998).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hernández Hernández, A., Lorente Cruz, A., Pigrau Serrallach, C., Palou Redorta, J. & Martinez-Vazquez, J. M. Presentation of a neoplasm of the prostate as a fever syndrome [Spanish]. Arch. Esp. Urol. 40, 43–44 (1987).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Koizumi, K. et al. The hemophagocytic syndrome in prostate cancer revealed by disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow. J. Urol. 168, 1101–1102 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Le, B. H. & Rosenthal, M. A. Prostate cancer presenting with fever and rigors. Intern. Med. J. 35, 638 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Nakamura, J., Papac, R. & Ward, R. Fever as initial manifestation of prostatic carcinoma. Urology 19, 72–73 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zgliczynski, W., Szymanowski, J. & Lazicka-Frelek, M. Fever as the first symptom of prostatic cancer [Polish]. Pol. Tyg. Lek. 40, 109–111 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chun, J. Y. et al. Interleukin-6 regulates androgen synthesis in prostate cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 4815–4822 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Corcoran, N. M. & Costello, A. J. Interleukin-6: minor player or starring role in the development of hormone-refractory prostate cancer? BJU Int. 91, 545–553 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Drachenberg, D. E., Elgamal, A. A., Rowbotham, R., Peterson, M. & Murphy, G. P. Circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Prostate 41, 127–133 (1999).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Feng, S. et al. Interleukin-6 increases prostate cancer cells resistance to bicalutamide via TIF2. Mol. Cancer Ther. 8, 665–671 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Irani, J. et al. High-grade inflammation in prostate cancer as a prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Pathologist Multi Center Study Group. Urology 54, 467–472 (1999).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lucia, M. S. & Torkko, K. C. Inflammation as a target for prostate cancer chemoprevention: pathological and laboratory rationale. J. Urol. 171, S30–S34 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Smith, P. C., Hobisch, A., Lin, D. L., Culig, Z. & Keller, E. T. Interleukin-6 and prostate cancer progression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 12, 33–40 (2001).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Tumminello, F. M. et al. Serum interleukin-6 in patients with metastatic bone disease: correlation with cystatin C. Med. Oncol. 26, 10–15 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Dorff, T. B. et al. Clinical and correlative results of SWOG S0354: a phase II trial of CNTO328 (siltuximab), a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 3028–3034 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Shah, S. H. Paraneoplastic liver dysfunction in prostate cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 32, 511–513 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Karakolios, A., Kasapis, C., Kallinikidis, T., Kalpidis, P. & Grigoriadis, N. Cholestatic jaundice as a paraneoplastic manifestation of prostate adenocarcinoma. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1, 480–483 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Koruk, M., Buyukberber, M., Savas, C. & Kadayifci, A. Paraneoplastic cholestasis associated with prostate carcinoma. Turk. J. Gastroenterol. 15, 53–55 (2004).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Harper, D. G., Arsura, E. L., Bobba, R. K., Reddy, C. M. & Sawh, A. K. Acquired color blindness in an elderly male patient from recurrent metastatic prostate cancer. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 1265–1267 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Reese, D. M. & Rosen, P. J. Oncogenic osteomalacia associated with prostate cancer. J. Urol. 158, 887 (1997).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

M. Hong is supported by scholarships from the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). Charles P. Vega, University of California, Irvine, CA, is the author of and is solely responsible for the content of the learning objectives, questions and answers of the MedscapeCME-accredited continuing medical education activity associated with this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, 3050, Vic, Australia

    Matthew K. Hong, Benjamin Namdarian & Anthony J. Costello

  2. Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Vic, Australia

    Jennifer Kong

  3. Department of Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3181, Vic, Australia

    Anthony Longano

  4. Department of Urology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3181, Vic, Australia

    Jeremy Grummet

  5. Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre at Epworth Hospital, Level 2, 185 Hoddle Street, Richmond, Melbourne, 3121, Vic, Australia

    Christopher M. Hovens & Niall M. Corcoran

Authors
  1. Matthew K. Hong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jennifer Kong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Benjamin Namdarian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anthony Longano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jeremy Grummet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Christopher M. Hovens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Anthony J. Costello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Niall M. Corcoran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

M. K. Hong and J. Kong contributed equally to the research, discussion, writing and editing of this manuscript. B. Namdarian contributed to the research and discussion of the paper. A. Longano was involved in researching data for the article and reviewing the manuscript before submission. J. Grummet made a substantial contribution to the discussion of content. C. M. Hovens, A. J. Costello and N. M. Corcoran were involved in the discussion of content and reviewing the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew K. Hong.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hong, M., Kong, J., Namdarian, B. et al. Paraneoplastic syndromes in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 7, 681–692 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2010.186

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2010.186

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing