Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Association of polygenic score for major depression with response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder

Molecular Psychiatry volume 26, pages 2457–2470 (2021)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Lithium is a first-line medication for bipolar disorder (BD), but only one in three patients respond optimally to the drug. Since evidence shows a strong clinical and genetic overlap between depression and bipolar disorder, we investigated whether a polygenic susceptibility to major depression is associated with response to lithium treatment in patients with BD. Weighted polygenic scores (PGSs) were computed for major depression (MD) at different GWAS p value thresholds using genetic data obtained from 2586 bipolar patients who received lithium treatment and took part in the Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen) study. Summary statistics from genome-wide association studies in MD (135,458 cases and 344,901 controls) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) were used for PGS weighting. Response to lithium treatment was defined by continuous scores and categorical outcome (responders versus non-responders) using measurements on the Alda scale. Associations between PGSs of MD and lithium treatment response were assessed using a linear and binary logistic regression modeling for the continuous and categorical outcomes, respectively. The analysis was performed for the entire cohort, and for European and Asian sub-samples. The PGSs for MD were significantly associated with lithium treatment response in multi-ethnic, European or Asian populations, at various p value thresholds. Bipolar patients with a low polygenic load for MD were more likely to respond well to lithium, compared to those patients with high polygenic load [lowest vs highest PGS quartiles, multi-ethnic sample: OR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.18–2.01) and European sample: OR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.30–2.36)]. While our analysis in the Asian sample found equivalent effect size in the same direction: OR = 1.71 (95% CI: 0.61–4.90), this was not statistically significant. Using PGS decile comparison, we found a similar trend of association between a high genetic loading for MD and lower response to lithium. Our findings underscore the genetic contribution to lithium response in BD and support the emerging concept of a lithium-responsive biotype in BD.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: The association of PGS for major depression (MD) and lithium treatment response at different GWAS p value thresholds.
Fig. 2: Odds ratios (ORs) for favorable treatment response to lithium in patients with BD.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ferrari AJ, Stockings E, Khoo JP, Erskine HE, Degenhardt L, Vos T, et al. The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18:440–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chesney E, Goodwin GM, Fazel S. Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review. World Psychiatry. 2014;13:153–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Schulze TG, Alda M, Adli M, Akula N, Ardau R, Bui ET, et al. The International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen): an initiative by the NIMH and IGSLI to study the genetic basis of response to lithium treatment. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62:72–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Malhi GS, Bassett D, Boyce P, Bryant R, Fitzgerald PB, Fritz K, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015;49:1087–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hou L, Heilbronner U, Degenhardt F, Adli M, Akiyama K, Akula N, et al. Genetic variants associated with response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder: a genome-wide association study. The Lancet. 2016;387:1085–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Grof P, Duffy A, Cavazzoni P, Grof E, Garnham J, MacDougall M, et al. Is response to prophylactic lithium a familial trait? J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:942–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Garnham J, Munro A, Slaney C, Macdougall M, Passmore M, Duffy A, et al. Prophylactic treatment response in bipolar disorder: results of a naturalistic observation study. J Affect Disord. 2007;104:185–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lahteenvuo M, Tanskanen A, Taipale H, Hoti F, Vattulainen P, Vieta E, et al. Real-world effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments for the prevention of rehospitalization in a finnish nationwide cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:347–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder. Lancet (London, England). 2016;387:1561–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bauer M, Gitlin M. Practical management of lithium. In: The essential guide to lithium treatment. Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016, pp 113–28.

  11. Oedegaard KJ, Alda M, Anand A, Andreassen OA, Balaraman Y, Berrettini WH, et al. The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder study (PGBD): identification of genes for lithium response in a prospective sample. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:129.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Severus E, Taylor MJ, Sauer C, Pfennig A, Ritter P, Bauer M, et al. Lithium for prevention of mood episodes in bipolar disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2014;2:15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Joas E, Karanti A, Song J, Goodwin GM, Lichtenstein P, Landen M. Pharmacological treatment and risk of psychiatric hospital admission in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210:197–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen CH, Lee CS, Lee MT, Ouyang WC, Chen CC, Chong MY, et al. Variant GADL1 and response to lithium therapy in bipolar I disorder. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:119–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Song J, Bergen SE, Di Florio A, Karlsson R, Charney A, Ruderfer DM, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies SESTD1 as a novel risk gene for lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 2016;21:1290–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Amare AT, Schubert KO, Hou L, Clark SR, Papiol S, Heilbronner U, et al. Association of polygenic score for schizophrenia and HLA antigen and inflammation genes with response to lithium in bipolar affective disorder: a genome-wide association study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:65–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Leon AC, Kocsis JH, Portera L. A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:733–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Calkin C, van de Velde C, Ruzickova M, Slaney C, Garnham J, Hajek T, et al. Can body mass index help predict outcome in patients with bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disorders. 2009;11:650–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Calkin CV, Ruzickova M, Uher R, Hajek T, Slaney CM, Garnham JS, et al. Insulin resistance and outcome in bipolar disorder. Brit J Psychiatry. 2015;206:52–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mitchell PB, Frankland A, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Roberts G, Corry J, Wright A, et al. Comparison of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder and in major depressive disorder within bipolar disorder pedigrees. Brit J Psychiatry. 2011;199:303–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Faraone SV, Purcell SM. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics C et al. Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet. 2013;45:984–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics C. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. The Lancet. 2013;381:1371–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Amare AT, Schubert KO, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Cohen-Woods S, Baune BT. The genetic overlap between mood disorders and cardiometabolic diseases: a systematic review of genome wide and candidate gene studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Amare AT, Schubert KO, Baune BT. Pharmacogenomics in the treatment of mood disorders: strategies and opportunities for personalized psychiatry. EPMA J. 2017;8:211–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Abou-Saleh MT, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Coppen AJ. Lithium in the episode and suicide prophylaxis and in augmenting strategies in patients with unipolar depression. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2017;5:11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhou X, Ravindran AV, Qin B, Del Giovane C, Li Q, Bauer M, et al. Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of augmentation agents in treatment-resistant depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:e487–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tiihonen J, Tanskanen A, Hoti F, Vattulainen P, Taipale H, Mehtala J, et al. Pharmacological treatments and risk of readmission to hospital for unipolar depression in Finland: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:547–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Popovic D, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Bonnin CM, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E. Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;22:339–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Vieta E, Berk M, Schulze TG, Carvalho AF, Suppes T, Calabrese JR, et al. Bipolar disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Colom F, Vieta E, Daban C, Pacchiarotti I, Sanchez-Moreno J. Clinical and therapeutic implications of predominant polarity in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2006;93:13–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kessing LV, Hellmund G, Andersen PK. Predictors of excellent response to lithium: results from a nationwide register-based study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;26:323–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kleindienst N, Engel R, Greil W. Which clinical factors predict response to prophylactic lithium? A systematic review for bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders. 2005;7:404–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pfennig A, Schlattmann P, Alda M, Grof P, Glenn T, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, et al. Influence of atypical features on the quality of prophylactic effectiveness of long-term lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders. 2010;12:390–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D, Gonda X, Siamouli M, Yatham LN. Treatment of mixed bipolar states. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15:1015–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Sportiche S, Geoffroy PA, Brichant-Petitjean C, Gard S, Khan JP, Azorin JM, et al. Clinical factors associated with lithium response in bipolar disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51:524–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nature Genetics 2018;50:668–81.

  37. Duffy A, Alda M, Milin R, Grof P. A consecutive series of treated affected offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: is response associated with the clinical profile? Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52:369–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Manchia M, Adli M, Akula N, Ardau R, Aubry JM, Backlund L, et al. Assessment of response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder: a consortium on lithium genetics (ConLiGen) report. PloS ONE. 2013;8:e65636.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Scott J, Etain B, Manchia M, Brichant-Petitjean C, Geoffroy PA, Schulze T et al. An examination of the quality and performance of the Alda scale for classifying lithium response phenotypes. Bipolar Disorders. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12829.

  40. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81:559–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Das S, Forer L, Schonherr S, Sidore C, Locke AE, Kwong A, et al. Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1284–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O’Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 2009;460:748–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:793–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Zheng HF, Forgetta V, Hsu YH, Estrada K, Rosello-Diez A, Leo PJ, et al. Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture. Nature. 2015;526:112–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Amare AT, Vaez A, Hsu YH, Direk N, Kamali Z, Howard DM et al. Bivariate genome-wide association analyses of the broad depression phenotype combined with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia reveal eight novel genetic loci for depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0336-6.

  46. Choi SW, O’Reilly PF. PRSice-2: polygenic risk score software for biobank-scale data. GigaScience. 2019;8:giz082.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Bland JM, Altman DG. Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. BMJ. 1995;310:170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, Berk M. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012;46:192–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Grof E, Haag M, Grof P, Haag H. Lithium response and the sequence of episode polarities: preliminary report on a Hamilton sample. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1987;11:199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hui TP, Kandola A, Shen L, Lewis G, Osborn DPJ, Geddes JR, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140:94–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Grof P, Alda M, Grof E, Zvolsky P, Walsh M. Lithium response and genetics of affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 1994;32:85–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bschor T. Lithium in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Drugs. 2014;74:855–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Alevizos B, Alevizos E, Leonardou A, Zervas I. Low dosage lithium augmentation in venlafaxine resistant depression: an open-label study. Psychiatriki. 2012;23:143–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bauer M, Döpfmer S. Lithium augmentation in treatment-resistant depression: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psych. 2000;2:31.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bauer M, Adli M, Ricken R, Severus E, Pilhatsch M. Role of lithium augmentation in the management of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2014;28:331–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bauer M, Bschor T, Kunz D, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication in continuation treatment of unipolar major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1429–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bauer M, Adli M, Baethge C, Berghöfer A, Sasse J, Heinz A, et al. Lithium augmentation therapy in refractory depression: clinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48:440–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bschor T, Bauer M. Efficacy and mechanisms of action of Lithium augmentation in refractory major depression. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:2985–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kan C, Pedersen NL, Christensen K, Bornstein SR, Licinio J, MacCabe JH, et al. Genetic overlap between type 2 diabetes and depression in Swedish and Danish twin registries. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Bigdeli TB, Ripke S, Peterson RE, Trzaskowski M, Bacanu SA, Abdellaoui A, et al. Genetic effects influencing risk for major depressive disorder in China and Europe. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1074.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Shan GW, Makmor-Bakry M, Omar MS. Long term use of lithium and factors associated with treatment response among patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Danub. 2016;28:146–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wray NR, Lee SH, Mehta D, Vinkhuyzen AA, Dudbridge F, Middeldorp CM. Research review: polygenic methods and their application to psychiatric traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2014;55:1068–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all patients who participated in the study and we appreciate the contributions of clinicians, scientists, research assistants and study staffs who have helped with patient recruitment, data collection and sample preparation for the studies. We are also indebted to the members of the ConLi+Gen Scientific Advisory Board (http://www.conligen.org/) for critical input over the course of the project. The analysis of this study was carried out using the high-performance computational capabilities of the University of Adelaide, Phoenix supercomputer https://www.adelaide.edu.au/phoenix/.

Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium

Naomi R. Wray77,78, Stephan Ripke79,80,81, Manuel Mattheisen82,83,84,85, Maciej Trzaskowski77, Enda M. Byrne77, Abdel Abdellaoui86, Mark J. Adams87, Esben Agerbo85,88,89, Tracy M. Air90, Till F. M. Andlauer91,92, Silviu-Alin Bacanu93, Marie Bækvad-Hansen85,94, Aartjan T. F. Beekman95, Tim B. Bigdeli93,96, Elisabeth B. Binder91,97, Douglas H. R. Blackwood87, Julien Bryois98, Henriette N. Buttenschøn84,85,99, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm85,94, Na Cai100,101, Enrique Castelao102, Jane varregaard Christensen83,84,85, Toni-Kim Clarke87, Jonathan R. I. Coleman103, Lucía Colodro-Conde104, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne105,106, Nick Craddock107, Gregory E. Crawford108,109, Gail Davies110, Ian J. Deary110, Franziska Degenhardt111,112, Eske M. Derks104, Nese Direk113,114, Conor V. Dolan86, Erin C. Dunn115,116,117, Thalia C. Eley103, Valentina Escott-Price118, Farnush Farhadi Hassan Kiadeh119, Hilary K. Finucane120,121, Andreas J. Forstner111,112,122,123, Josef Frank124, Héléna A. Gaspar103, Michael Gill125, Fernando S. Goes126, Scott D. Gordon127, Jakob Grove83,84,85,128, Lynsey S. Hall87,129, Christine Søholm Hansen85,94, Thomas F. Hansen130,131,132, Stefan Herms111,112,123, Ian B. Hickie133, Per Hoffmann111,112,123, Georg Homuth134, Carsten Horn135, Jouke-Jan Hottenga86, David M. Hougaard85,94, Marcus Ising136, Rick Jansen95, Eric Jorgenson137, James A. Knowles138, Isaac S. Kohane139,140,141, Julia Kraft80, Warren W. Kretzschmar142, Jesper Krogh143, Zoltán Kutalik144,145, Yihan Li142, Penelope A. Lind104, Donald J. MacIntyre146,147, Dean F. MacKinnon126, Robert M. Maier78, Wolfgang Maier148, Jonathan Marchini149, Hamdi Mbarek86, Patrick McGrath150, Peter McGuffin103, Sarah E. Medland104, Divya Mehta78,151, Christel M. Middeldorp86,152,153, Evelin Mihailov154, Yuri Milaneschi95, Lili Milani154, Francis M. Mondimore126, Grant W. Montgomery77, Sara Mostafavi155,156, Niamh Mullins103, Matthias Nauck157,158, Bernard Ng156, Michel G. Nivard86, Dale R. Nyholt159, Paul F. O’Reilly103, Hogni Oskarsson160, Michael J. Owen161, Jodie N. Painter104, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen85,88,89, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen85,88,89, Roseann E. Peterson93,162, Erik Pettersson98, Wouter J. Peyrot95, Giorgio Pistis102, Danielle Posthuma163,164, Jorge A. Quiroz165, Per Qvist77,84,85, John P. Rice166, Brien P. Riley93, Margarita Rivera103,167, Saira Saeed Mirza113, Robert Schoevers168, Eva C. Schulte169,170, Ling Shen137, Jianxin Shi171, Stanley I. Shyn172, Engilbert Sigurdsson173, Grant C. B. Sinnamon174, Johannes H. Smit95, Daniel J. Smith175, Hreinn Stefansson176, Stacy Steinberg176, Fabian Streit124, Jana Strohmaier124, Katherine E. Tansey177, Henning Teismann178, Alexander Teumer179, Wesley Thompson85,131,180,181, Pippa A. Thomson182, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson176, Matthew Traylor183, Jens Treutlein124, Vassily Trubetskoy80, André G. Uitterlinden184, Daniel Umbricht185, Sandra Van der Auwera186, Albert M. van Hemert187, Alexander Viktorin98, Peter M. Visscher77,78, Yunpeng Wang85,131,181, Bradley T. Webb188, Shantel Marie Weinsheimer85,131, Jürgen Wellmann178, Gonneke Willemsen86, Stephanie H. Witt124, Yang Wu77, Hualin S. Xi189, Jian Yang78,190, Futao Zhang77, Volker Arolt191, Bernhard T. Baune90, Klaus Berger178, Dorret I. Boomsma86, Sven Cichon111,123,192,193, Udo Dannlowski191, E. J. C. de Geus86,194, J. Raymond DePaulo126, Enrico Domenici195, Katharina Domschke196, Tõnu Esko81,154, Hans J. Grabe186, Steven P. Hamilton197, Caroline Hayward198, Andrew C. Heath166, Kenneth S. Kendler93, Stefan Kloiber136,199,200, Glyn Lewis201, Qingqin S. Li202, Susanne Lucae136, Pamela A. F. Madden166, Patrik K. Magnusson98, Nicholas G. Martin127, Andrew M. McIntosh87,110, Andres Metspalu154,203, Ole Mors85,204, Preben Bo Mortensen84,85,88,89, Bertram Müller-Myhsok91,92,205, Merete Nordentoft85,206, Markus M. Nöthen111,112, Michael C. O’Donovan161, Sara A. Paciga207, Nancy L. Pedersen98, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx95, Roy H. Perlis115,208, David J. Porteous182, James B. Potash209, Martin Preisig102, Marcella Rietschel124, Catherine Schaefer137, Thomas G. Schulze124,170,210,211,212, Jordan W. Smoller115,116,117, Kari Stefansson176,213, Henning Tiemeier113,214,215, Rudolf Uher216, Henry Völzke179, Myrna M. Weissman150,217, Thomas Werge85,131,218, Cathryn M. Lewis103,219, Douglas F. Levinson220, Gerome Breen103,221, Anders D. Børglum83,84,85, Patrick F. Sullivan98,222,223

Funding

ATA received a Postgraduate Research Scholarship support from the University of Adelaide through the Adelaide Scholarship International (ASI) program. We thank 23andMe, Inc. staffs for giving us the permission to utilize GWAS summary data for depression which was included as part of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study. The primary sources of funding were the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; grant no. RI 908/7–1; grant FOR2107, RI 908/11–1 to MR, NO 246/10–1 to MMN, WI3429/3–1 to SHW) and the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Mental Health (ZIA-MH00284311; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00001174). The genotyping was in part funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Integrated Network IntegraMent (Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders), under the auspices of the e:Med Programme (grants awarded to TGS, MR, and MMN). Some data and biomaterials were collected as part of eleven projects (Study 40) that participated in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Bipolar Disorder Genetics Initiative. From 2003–2007, the Principal Investigators and Co-Investigators were: Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, R01 MH59545, John Nurnberger, M.D., Ph.D., Marvin J. Miller, M.D., Elizabeth S. Bowman, M.D., N. Leela Rau, M.D., P. Ryan Moe, M.D., Nalini Samavedy, M.D., Rif El-Mallakh, M.D. (at University of Louisville), Husseini Manji, M.D. (at Johnson and Johnson), Debra A.Glitz, M.D. (at Wayne State University), Eric T. Meyer, Ph.D., M.S. (at Oxford University, UK), Carrie Smiley, R.N., Tatiana Foroud, Ph.D., Leah Flury, M.S., Danielle M. Dick, Ph.D. (at Virginia Commonwealth University), Howard Edenberg, Ph.D.; Washington University, St. Louis, MO, R01 MH059534, John Rice, Ph.D., Theodore Reich, M.D., Allison Goate, Ph.D., Laura Bierut, M.D.K02 DA21237; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, M.D., R01 MH59533, Melvin McInnis, M.D., JRD, M.D., Dean F. MacKinnon, M.D., FMM, M.D., JBP, M.D., PPZ, Ph.D., Dimitrios Avramopoulos, and Jennifer Payne; University of Pennsylvania, PA, R01 MH59553, Wade Berrettini, M.D., Ph.D.; University of California at San Francisco, CA, R01 MH60068, William Byerley, M.D., and Sophia Vinogradov, M.D.; University of Iowa, IA, R01 MH059548, William Coryell, M.D., and Raymond Crowe, M.D.; University of Chicago, IL, R01 MH59535, Elliot Gershon, M.D., Judith Badner, Ph.D., Francis McMahon, M.D., Chunyu Liu, Ph.D., Alan Sanders, M.D., Maria Caserta, Steven Dinwiddie, M.D., Tu Nguyen, Donna Harakal; University of California at San Diego, CA, R01 MH59567, JK, M.D., Rebecca McKinney, B.A.; Rush University, IL, R01 MH059556, William Scheftner, M.D., Howard M. Kravitz, D.O., M.P.H., Diana Marta, B.S., Annette Vaughn-Brown, M.S.N., R.N., and Laurie Bederow, M.A.; NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 1Z01MH002810-01, FJM, M.D., LK, Psy.D., Sevilla Detera-Wadleigh, Ph.D., Lisa Austin, Ph.D., Dennis L. Murphy, M.D.; Howard University, William B. Lawson, M.D., Ph.D., Evarista Nwulia, M.D., and Maria Hipolito, M.D. This work was supported by the NIH grants P50CA89392 from the National Cancer Institute and 5K02DA021237 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse. The Canadian part of the study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to MA grant #64410 to MA. Collection and phenotyping of the Australian UNSW sample, by PBM, PRS, JMF and AW, was funded by an Australian NHMRC Program Grant (No.1037196)), with personnel supported by NHMRC project grants (Nos. 1063960, 1066177) and the Janette Mary O’Neil Research Fellowship to JMF. The collection of the Barcelona sample was supported by the Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), IDIBAPS, the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya, Miguel Servet II and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant numbers PI080247, PI1200906, PI12/00018, 2017 SGR 1577 and 2017 SGR 1365). Dr FC was funded by unrestricted funding from CIBERSAM and “Secretaria d′Universitats i Recerca del Departament d′Economia i Coneixement (2017 SGR 134), Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia). The Swedish Research Council, the Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet and the Söderström-Königska Foundation supported this research through grants awarded to LB, LF, CL and MS. The collection of the Geneva sample was supported by the Swiss National Foundation (grants Synapsy 51NF40-158776 and 32003B-125469). The work by the French group was supported by INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale); AP-HP (Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris); the Fondation FondaMental (RTRS Santé Mentale) and the labex Bio-PSY (Investissements d’Avenir program managed by the ANR under reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02). The German Research Foundation (DFG, grant FOR2107 DA1151/5-1 and DA1151/5–2 to UD; SFB-TRR58, Project C09 and Z02 to UD), and the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the Medical Faculty of the University of Münster (grant Dan3/012/17 to UD) supported this work. The collection of the Romanian sample was supported by U.E.F.I.S.C.D.I., Romania, grant awarded to MG-S. The collection of the Czech sample was supported by the project No. LO1611 with a financial support from the MEYS under the NPU I program and by the Czech Science Foundation, grant No. 17-07070S.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Azmeraw T. Amare, Klaus Oliver Schubert

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Azmeraw T. Amare, Klaus Oliver Schubert, Scott R. Clark & Micah Cearns

  2. South Australian Academic Health Science and Translation Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Azmeraw T. Amare

  3. Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Mental Health Services, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Klaus Oliver Schubert

  4. Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Liping Hou, Nirmala Akula, Layla Kassem, Gonzalo Laje, Francis J. McMahon & Thomas G. Schulze

  5. Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

    Sergi Papiol, Urs Heilbronner & Thomas G. Schulze

  6. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany

    Sergi Papiol & Peter Falkai

  7. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Urs Heilbronner & Thomas G. Schulze

  8. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany

    Franziska Degenhardt, Sven Cichon, Andreas J. Forstner, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann, Andrea Hofmann & Markus M. Nöthen

  9. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Fasil Tekola-Ayele

  10. HSL Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Yi-Hsiang Hsu

  11. Program for Quantitative Genomics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Yi-Hsiang Hsu

  12. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Tatyana Shekhtman, Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee, John R. Kelsoe, Michael J. McCarthy, Caroline M. Nievergelt & Paul D. Shilling

  13. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

    Mazda Adli & Thomas Stamm

  14. Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan

    Kazufumi Akiyama

  15. Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Raffaella Ardau & Caterina Chillotti

  16. Unitat de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica (Dpt. Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals), Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain

    Bárbara Arias & Marina Mitjans

  17. Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

    Jean-Michel Aubry & Alexandre Dayer

  18. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lena Backlund, Louise Frisen, Catharina Lavebratt & Martin Schalling

  19. Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lena Backlund, Louise Frisen, Catharina Lavebratt & Martin Schalling

  20. INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F.Widal, Paris, France

    Frank Bellivier, Clara Brichant-Petitjean & Bruno Étain

  21. Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Antonio Benabarre, Esther Jiménez & Eduard Vieta

  22. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

    Susanne Bengesser, Armin Birner, Nina Dalkner & Eva Reininghaus

  23. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Joanna M. Biernacka

  24. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Joanna M. Biernacka & Mark A. Frye

  25. The Neuromodulation Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Pablo Cervantes

  26. Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hsi-Chung Chen

  27. Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Sven Cichon, Andreas J. Forstner, Stefan Herms & Per Hoffmann

  28. Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Cristiana Cruceanu & Gustavo Turecki

  29. Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

    Piotr M. Czerski & Joanna Hauser

  30. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Maria Del Zompo, Giovanni Severino & Alessio Squassina

  31. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    J. Raymond DePaulo, Fernando S. Goes, Francis M. Mondimore, James B. Potash, Barbara W. Schweizer & Thomas G. Schulze

  32. Inserm U955, Translational Psychiatry laboratory, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France

    Stephane Jamain

  33. Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Andreas J. Forstner

  34. Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Janice M. Fullerton & Peter R. Schofield

  35. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Janice M. Fullerton & Peter R. Schofield

  36. Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France

    Sébastien Gard

  37. Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Julie S. Garnham, Claire O’Donovan, Claire M. Slaney & Martin Alda

  38. Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

    Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu

  39. Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Paul Grof

  40. Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Ryota Hashimoto

  41. Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

    Ryota Hashimoto

  42. Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France

    Jean-Pierre Kahn

  43. Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Po-Hsiu Kuo

  44. Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan

    Tadafumi Kato

  45. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Andreas Reif & Julia Veeh

  46. Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

    Sebastian Kliwicki & Janusz K. Rybakowski

  47. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Landesklinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen, Austria

    Barbara König

  48. Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan

    Ichiro Kusumi

  49. Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Mikael Landén

  50. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Mikael Landén

  51. Inserm U955, Translational Psychiatry laboratory, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology of Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France

    Marion Leboyer

  52. Office of Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA

    Susan G. Leckband

  53. Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Alfonso Tortorella

  54. Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Mirko Manchia

  55. Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Mirko Manchia

  56. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lina Martinsson

  57. Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA

    Michael J. McCarthy

  58. Department of Psychiatry, Lindner Center of Hope / University of Cincinnati, Mason, OH, USA

    Susan L. McElroy

  59. Mental Health Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Francesc Colom

  60. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

    Francesc Colom & Marina Mitjans

  61. Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany

    Marina Mitjans

  62. Neurosciences Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy

    Palmiero Monteleone

  63. Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy

    Palmiero Monteleone & Mario Maj

  64. National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic

    Tomas Novák, Pavla Stopkova & Martin Alda

  65. Department of Psychiatry & Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan

    Norio Ozaki

  66. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

    Urban Ösby

  67. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Andrea Pfennig & Michael Bauer

  68. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Guy A. Rouleau

  69. Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan

    Katzutaka Shimoda

  70. Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Sigmund Freud University, Medical Faculty, Vienna, Austria

    Christian Simhandl

  71. Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

    Stephanie H. Witt, Marcella Rietschel & Thomas G. Schulze

  72. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Adam Wright & Philip B. Mitchell

  73. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Peter P. Zandi

  74. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    Bernhard T. Baune

  75. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Bernhard T. Baune

  76. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Bernhard T. Baune

  77. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Naomi R. Wray, Maciej Trzaskowski, Enda M. Byrne, Grant W. Montgomery, Per Qvist, Peter M. Visscher, Yang Wu & Futao Zhang

  78. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Naomi R. Wray, Robert M. Maier, Divya Mehta, Peter M. Visscher & Jian Yang

  79. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephan Ripke

  80. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE, Germany

    Stephan Ripke, Julia Kraft & Vassily Trubetskoy

  81. Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Stephan Ripke & Tõnu Esko

  82. Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Manuel Mattheisen

  83. Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Manuel Mattheisen, Jane varregaard Christensen, Jakob Grove & Anders D. Børglum

  84. iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Manuel Mattheisen, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Jane varregaard Christensen, Jakob Grove, Per Qvist, Preben Bo Mortensen & Anders D. Børglum

  85. iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Manuel Mattheisen, Esben Agerbo, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jane varregaard Christensen, Jakob Grove, Christine Søholm Hansen, David M. Hougaard, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Per Qvist, Wesley Thompson, Yunpeng Wang, Shantel Marie Weinsheimer, Ole Mors, Preben Bo Mortensen, Merete Nordentoft, Thomas Werge & Anders D. Børglum

  86. Dept of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Abdel Abdellaoui, Conor V. Dolan, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Hamdi Mbarek, Christel M. Middeldorp, Michel G. Nivard, Gonneke Willemsen, Dorret I. Boomsma & E. J. C. de Geus

  87. Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB, UK

    Mark J. Adams, Douglas H. R. Blackwood, Toni-Kim Clarke, Lynsey S. Hall & Andrew M. McIntosh

  88. Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Esben Agerbo, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen & Preben Bo Mortensen

  89. National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Esben Agerbo, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen & Preben Bo Mortensen

  90. Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Tracy M. Air & Bernhard T. Baune

  91. Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE, Germany

    Till F. M. Andlauer, Elisabeth B. Binder & Bertram Müller-Myhsok

  92. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, DE, Germany

    Till F. M. Andlauer & Bertram Müller-Myhsok

  93. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Silviu-Alin Bacanu, Tim B. Bigdeli, Roseann E. Peterson, Brien P. Riley & Kenneth S. Kendler

  94. Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Christine Søholm Hansen & David M. Hougaard

  95. Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Aartjan T. F. Beekman, Rick Jansen, Yuri Milaneschi, Wouter J. Peyrot, Johannes H. Smit & Brenda W. J. H. Penninx

  96. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA

    Tim B. Bigdeli

  97. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Elisabeth B. Binder

  98. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Julien Bryois, Erik Pettersson, Alexander Viktorin, Patrik K. Magnusson, Nancy L. Pedersen & Patrick F. Sullivan

  99. Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Henriette N. Buttenschøn

  100. Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, GB, UK

    Na Cai

  101. Statistical genomics and systems genetics, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, GB, UK

    Na Cai

  102. Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, CH, Switzerland

    Enrique Castelao, Giorgio Pistis & Martin Preisig

  103. MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB, UK

    Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Thalia C. Eley, Héléna A. Gaspar, Peter McGuffin, Niamh Mullins, Paul F. O’Reilly, Margarita Rivera, Cathryn M. Lewis & Gerome Breen

  104. Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia

    Lucía Colodro-Conde, Eske M. Derks, Penelope A. Lind, Sarah E. Medland & Jodie N. Painter

  105. Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia

    Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne

  106. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia

    Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne

  107. Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB, UK

    Nick Craddock

  108. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Gregory E. Crawford

  109. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Gregory E. Crawford

  110. Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB, UK

    Gail Davies, Ian J. Deary & Andrew M. McIntosh

  111. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE, Germany

    Franziska Degenhardt, Andreas J. Forstner, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann, Sven Cichon & Markus M. Nöthen

  112. Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE, Germany

    Franziska Degenhardt, Andreas J. Forstner, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann & Markus M. Nöthen

  113. Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands

    Nese Direk, Saira Saeed Mirza & Henning Tiemeier

  114. Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey

    Nese Direk

  115. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Erin C. Dunn, Roy H. Perlis & Jordan W. Smoller

  116. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Erin C. Dunn & Jordan W. Smoller

  117. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Erin C. Dunn & Jordan W. Smoller

  118. Neuroscience and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB, UK

    Valentina Escott-Price

  119. Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Farnush Farhadi Hassan Kiadeh

  120. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Hilary K. Finucane

  121. Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Hilary K. Finucane

  122. Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, CH, Switzerland

    Andreas J. Forstner

  123. Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH, Switzerland

    Andreas J. Forstner, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann & Sven Cichon

  124. Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, DE, Germany

    Josef Frank, Fabian Streit, Jana Strohmaier, Jens Treutlein, Stephanie H. Witt, Marcella Rietschel & Thomas G. Schulze

  125. Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Michael Gill

  126. Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Fernando S. Goes, Dean F. MacKinnon, Francis M. Mondimore & J. Raymond DePaulo

  127. Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Scott D. Gordon & Nicholas G. Martin

  128. Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Jakob Grove

  129. Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, GB, UK

    Lynsey S. Hall

  130. Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark

    Thomas F. Hansen

  131. Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thomas F. Hansen, Wesley Thompson, Yunpeng Wang, Shantel Marie Weinsheimer & Thomas Werge

  132. iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thomas F. Hansen

  133. Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Ian B. Hickie

  134. Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE, Germany

    Georg Homuth

  135. Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, CH, Switzerland

    Carsten Horn

  136. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE, Germany

    Marcus Ising, Stefan Kloiber & Susanne Lucae

  137. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA

    Eric Jorgenson, Ling Shen & Catherine Schaefer

  138. Psychiatry & The Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    James A. Knowles

  139. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Isaac S. Kohane

  140. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Isaac S. Kohane

  141. Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Isaac S. Kohane

  142. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, GB, UK

    Warren W. Kretzschmar & Yihan Li

  143. Department of Endocrinology at Herlev University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Jesper Krogh

  144. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, VD, CH, Switzerland

    Zoltán Kutalik

  145. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, VD, CH, Switzerland

    Zoltán Kutalik

  146. Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB, UK

    Donald J. MacIntyre

  147. Mental Health, NHS 24, Glasgow, GB, UK

    Donald J. MacIntyre

  148. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE, Germany

    Wolfgang Maier

  149. Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, GB, UK

    Jonathan Marchini

  150. Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    Patrick McGrath & Myrna M. Weissman

  151. School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Divya Mehta

  152. Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Christel M. Middeldorp

  153. Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Christel M. Middeldorp

  154. Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Evelin Mihailov, Lili Milani, Tõnu Esko & Andres Metspalu

  155. Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Sara Mostafavi

  156. Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Sara Mostafavi & Bernard Ng

  157. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE, Germany

    Matthias Nauck

  158. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE, Germany

    Matthias Nauck

  159. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Dale R. Nyholt

  160. Humus, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Hogni Oskarsson

  161. MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB, UK

    Michael J. Owen & Michael C. O’Donovan

  162. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Roseann E. Peterson

  163. Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  164. Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  165. Solid Biosciences, Boston, MA, USA

    Jorge A. Quiroz

  166. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA

    John P. Rice, Andrew C. Heath & Pamela A. F. Madden

  167. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Margarita Rivera

  168. Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Robert Schoevers

  169. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, DE, Germany

    Eva C. Schulte

  170. Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, DE, Germany

    Eva C. Schulte & Thomas G. Schulze

  171. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Jianxin Shi

  172. Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Stanley I. Shyn

  173. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, IS, Iceland

    Engilbert Sigurdsson

  174. School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Grant C. B. Sinnamon

  175. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, GB, UK

    Daniel J. Smith

  176. deCODE Genetics / Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Hreinn Stefansson, Stacy Steinberg, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson & Kari Stefansson

  177. College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB, UK

    Katherine E. Tansey

  178. Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, DE, Germany

    Henning Teismann, Jürgen Wellmann & Klaus Berger

  179. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE, Germany

    Alexander Teumer & Henry Völzke

  180. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Wesley Thompson

  181. KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Wesley Thompson & Yunpeng Wang

  182. Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB, UK

    Pippa A. Thomson & David J. Porteous

  183. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, GB, UK

    Matthew Traylor

  184. Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands

    André G. Uitterlinden

  185. Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, CH, Switzerland

    Daniel Umbricht

  186. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE, Germany

    Sandra Van der Auwera & Hans J. Grabe

  187. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Albert M. van Hemert

  188. Virginia Institute of Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Bradley T. Webb

  189. Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Hualin S. Xi

  190. Institute for Molecular Bioscience; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Jian Yang

  191. Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, DE, Germany

    Volker Arolt & Udo Dannlowski

  192. Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, CH, Switzerland

    Sven Cichon

  193. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, DE, Germany

    Sven Cichon

  194. Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    E. J. C. de Geus

  195. Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy

    Enrico Domenici

  196. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, DE, Germany

    Katharina Domschke

  197. Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Steven P. Hamilton

  198. Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB, UK

    Caroline Hayward

  199. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Stefan Kloiber

  200. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Stefan Kloiber

  201. Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, GB, UK

    Glyn Lewis

  202. Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA

    Qingqin S. Li

  203. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Andres Metspalu

  204. Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark

    Ole Mors

  205. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, GB, UK

    Bertram Müller-Myhsok

  206. Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Merete Nordentoft

  207. Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA

    Sara A. Paciga

  208. Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Roy H. Perlis

  209. Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    James B. Potash

  210. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Thomas G. Schulze

  211. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, DE, Germany

    Thomas G. Schulze

  212. Human Genetics Branch, NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Thomas G. Schulze

  213. Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Kari Stefansson

  214. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands

    Henning Tiemeier

  215. Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands

    Henning Tiemeier

  216. Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Rudolf Uher

  217. Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Myrna M. Weissman

  218. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thomas Werge

  219. Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, GB, UK

    Cathryn M. Lewis

  220. Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Douglas F. Levinson

  221. NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King’s College London, London, GB, UK

    Gerome Breen

  222. Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Patrick F. Sullivan

  223. Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Patrick F. Sullivan

Authors
  1. Azmeraw T. Amare
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Klaus Oliver Schubert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Liping Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Scott R. Clark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sergi Papiol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Micah Cearns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Urs Heilbronner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Franziska Degenhardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Fasil Tekola-Ayele
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Yi-Hsiang Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Tatyana Shekhtman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Mazda Adli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Nirmala Akula
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Kazufumi Akiyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Raffaella Ardau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Bárbara Arias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Jean-Michel Aubry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Lena Backlund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Frank Bellivier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Antonio Benabarre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Susanne Bengesser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Joanna M. Biernacka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Armin Birner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Clara Brichant-Petitjean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Pablo Cervantes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Hsi-Chung Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Caterina Chillotti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Sven Cichon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Cristiana Cruceanu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Piotr M. Czerski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Nina Dalkner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Alexandre Dayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Maria Del Zompo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. J. Raymond DePaulo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Bruno Étain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Stephane Jamain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Peter Falkai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. Andreas J. Forstner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Louise Frisen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  41. Mark A. Frye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Janice M. Fullerton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  43. Sébastien Gard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  44. Julie S. Garnham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  45. Fernando S. Goes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  46. Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  47. Paul Grof
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  48. Ryota Hashimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  49. Joanna Hauser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  50. Stefan Herms
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  51. Per Hoffmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  52. Andrea Hofmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  53. Esther Jiménez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  54. Jean-Pierre Kahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  55. Layla Kassem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  56. Po-Hsiu Kuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  57. Tadafumi Kato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  58. John R. Kelsoe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  59. Sarah Kittel-Schneider
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  60. Sebastian Kliwicki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  61. Barbara König
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  62. Ichiro Kusumi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  63. Gonzalo Laje
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  64. Mikael Landén
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  65. Catharina Lavebratt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  66. Marion Leboyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  67. Susan G. Leckband
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  68. Alfonso Tortorella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  69. Mirko Manchia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  70. Lina Martinsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  71. Michael J. McCarthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  72. Susan L. McElroy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  73. Francesc Colom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  74. Marina Mitjans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  75. Francis M. Mondimore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  76. Palmiero Monteleone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  77. Caroline M. Nievergelt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  78. Markus M. Nöthen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  79. Tomas Novák
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  80. Claire O’Donovan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  81. Norio Ozaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  82. Urban Ösby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  83. Andrea Pfennig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  84. James B. Potash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  85. Andreas Reif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  86. Eva Reininghaus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  87. Guy A. Rouleau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  88. Janusz K. Rybakowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  89. Martin Schalling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  90. Peter R. Schofield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  91. Barbara W. Schweizer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  92. Giovanni Severino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  93. Paul D. Shilling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  94. Katzutaka Shimoda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  95. Christian Simhandl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  96. Claire M. Slaney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  97. Alessio Squassina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  98. Thomas Stamm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  99. Pavla Stopkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  100. Mario Maj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  101. Gustavo Turecki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  102. Eduard Vieta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  103. Julia Veeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  104. Stephanie H. Witt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  105. Adam Wright
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  106. Peter P. Zandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  107. Philip B. Mitchell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  108. Michael Bauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  109. Martin Alda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  110. Marcella Rietschel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  111. Francis J. McMahon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  112. Thomas G. Schulze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  113. Bernhard T. Baune
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium

  • Naomi R. Wray
  • , Stephan Ripke
  • , Manuel Mattheisen
  • , Maciej Trzaskowski
  • , Enda M. Byrne
  • , Abdel Abdellaoui
  • , Mark J. Adams
  • , Esben Agerbo
  • , Tracy M. Air
  • , Till F. M. Andlauer
  • , Silviu-Alin Bacanu
  • , Marie Bækvad-Hansen
  • , Aartjan T. F. Beekman
  • , Tim B. Bigdeli
  • , Elisabeth B. Binder
  • , Douglas H. R. Blackwood
  • , Julien Bryois
  • , Henriette N. Buttenschøn
  • , Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
  • , Na Cai
  • , Enrique Castelao
  • , Jane varregaard Christensen
  • , Toni-Kim Clarke
  • , Jonathan R. I. Coleman
  • , Lucía Colodro-Conde
  • , Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne
  • , Nick Craddock
  • , Gregory E. Crawford
  • , Gail Davies
  • , Ian J. Deary
  • , Franziska Degenhardt
  • , Eske M. Derks
  • , Nese Direk
  • , Conor V. Dolan
  • , Erin C. Dunn
  • , Thalia C. Eley
  • , Valentina Escott-Price
  • , Farnush Farhadi Hassan Kiadeh
  • , Hilary K. Finucane
  • , Andreas J. Forstner
  • , Josef Frank
  • , Héléna A. Gaspar
  • , Michael Gill
  • , Fernando S. Goes
  • , Scott D. Gordon
  • , Jakob Grove
  • , Lynsey S. Hall
  • , Christine Søholm Hansen
  • , Thomas F. Hansen
  • , Stefan Herms
  • , Ian B. Hickie
  • , Per Hoffmann
  • , Georg Homuth
  • , Carsten Horn
  • , Jouke-Jan Hottenga
  • , David M. Hougaard
  • , Marcus Ising
  • , Rick Jansen
  • , Eric Jorgenson
  • , James A. Knowles
  • , Isaac S. Kohane
  • , Julia Kraft
  • , Warren W. Kretzschmar
  • , Jesper Krogh
  • , Zoltán Kutalik
  • , Yihan Li
  • , Penelope A. Lind
  • , Donald J. MacIntyre
  • , Dean F. MacKinnon
  • , Robert M. Maier
  • , Wolfgang Maier
  • , Jonathan Marchini
  • , Hamdi Mbarek
  • , Patrick McGrath
  • , Peter McGuffin
  • , Sarah E. Medland
  • , Divya Mehta
  • , Christel M. Middeldorp
  • , Evelin Mihailov
  • , Yuri Milaneschi
  • , Lili Milani
  • , Francis M. Mondimore
  • , Grant W. Montgomery
  • , Sara Mostafavi
  • , Niamh Mullins
  • , Matthias Nauck
  • , Bernard Ng
  • , Michel G. Nivard
  • , Dale R. Nyholt
  • , Paul F. O’Reilly
  • , Hogni Oskarsson
  • , Michael J. Owen
  • , Jodie N. Painter
  • , Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
  • , Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
  • , Roseann E. Peterson
  • , Erik Pettersson
  • , Wouter J. Peyrot
  • , Giorgio Pistis
  • , Danielle Posthuma
  • , Jorge A. Quiroz
  • , Per Qvist
  • , John P. Rice
  • , Brien P. Riley
  • , Margarita Rivera
  • , Saira Saeed Mirza
  • , Robert Schoevers
  • , Eva C. Schulte
  • , Ling Shen
  • , Jianxin Shi
  • , Stanley I. Shyn
  • , Engilbert Sigurdsson
  • , Grant C. B. Sinnamon
  • , Johannes H. Smit
  • , Daniel J. Smith
  • , Hreinn Stefansson
  • , Stacy Steinberg
  • , Fabian Streit
  • , Jana Strohmaier
  • , Katherine E. Tansey
  • , Henning Teismann
  • , Alexander Teumer
  • , Wesley Thompson
  • , Pippa A. Thomson
  • , Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson
  • , Matthew Traylor
  • , Jens Treutlein
  • , Vassily Trubetskoy
  • , André G. Uitterlinden
  • , Daniel Umbricht
  • , Sandra Van der Auwera
  • , Albert M. van Hemert
  • , Alexander Viktorin
  • , Peter M. Visscher
  • , Yunpeng Wang
  • , Bradley T. Webb
  • , Shantel Marie Weinsheimer
  • , Jürgen Wellmann
  • , Gonneke Willemsen
  • , Stephanie H. Witt
  • , Yang Wu
  • , Hualin S. Xi
  • , Jian Yang
  • , Futao Zhang
  • , Volker Arolt
  • , Bernhard T. Baune
  • , Klaus Berger
  • , Dorret I. Boomsma
  • , Sven Cichon
  • , Udo Dannlowski
  • , E. J. C. de Geus
  • , J. Raymond DePaulo
  • , Enrico Domenici
  • , Katharina Domschke
  • , Tõnu Esko
  • , Hans J. Grabe
  • , Steven P. Hamilton
  • , Caroline Hayward
  • , Andrew C. Heath
  • , Kenneth S. Kendler
  • , Stefan Kloiber
  • , Glyn Lewis
  • , Qingqin S. Li
  • , Susanne Lucae
  • , Pamela A. F. Madden
  • , Patrik K. Magnusson
  • , Nicholas G. Martin
  • , Andrew M. McIntosh
  • , Andres Metspalu
  • , Ole Mors
  • , Preben Bo Mortensen
  • , Bertram Müller-Myhsok
  • , Merete Nordentoft
  • , Markus M. Nöthen
  • , Michael C. O’Donovan
  • , Sara A. Paciga
  • , Nancy L. Pedersen
  • , Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
  • , Roy H. Perlis
  • , David J. Porteous
  • , James B. Potash
  • , Martin Preisig
  • , Marcella Rietschel
  • , Catherine Schaefer
  • , Thomas G. Schulze
  • , Jordan W. Smoller
  • , Kari Stefansson
  • , Henning Tiemeier
  • , Rudolf Uher
  • , Henry Völzke
  • , Myrna M. Weissman
  • , Thomas Werge
  • , Cathryn M. Lewis
  • , Douglas F. Levinson
  • , Gerome Breen
  • , Anders D. Børglum
  •  & Patrick F. Sullivan

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bernhard T. Baune.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Members of the Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium are listed below acknowldgments.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Amare, A.T., Schubert, K.O., Hou, L. et al. Association of polygenic score for major depression with response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 26, 2457–2470 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0689-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0689-5

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links