Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene–sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure

Molecular Psychiatry volume 26, pages 6293–6304 (2021)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Long and short sleep duration are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), possibly through effects on molecular pathways that influence neuroendocrine and vascular systems. To gain new insights into the genetic basis of sleep-related BP variation, we performed genome-wide gene by short or long sleep duration interaction analyses on four BP traits (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) across five ancestry groups in two stages using 2 degree of freedom (df) joint test followed by 1df test of interaction effects. Primary multi-ancestry analysis in 62,969 individuals in stage 1 identified three novel gene by sleep interactions that were replicated in an additional 59,296 individuals in stage 2 (stage 1 + 2 Pjoint < 5 × 10−8), including rs7955964 (FIGNL2/ANKRD33) that increases BP among long sleepers, and rs73493041 (SNORA26/C9orf170) and rs10406644 (KCTD15/LSM14A) that increase BP among short sleepers (Pint < 5 × 10−8). Secondary ancestry-specific analysis identified another novel gene by long sleep interaction at rs111887471 (TRPC3/KIAA1109) in individuals of African ancestry (Pint = 2 × 10−6). Combined stage 1 and 2 analyses additionally identified significant gene by long sleep interactions at 10 loci including MKLN1 and RGL3/ELAVL3 previously associated with BP, and significant gene by short sleep interactions at 10 loci including C2orf43 previously associated with BP (Pint < 10−3). 2df test also identified novel loci for BP after modeling sleep that has known functions in sleep–wake regulation, nervous and cardiometabolic systems. This study indicates that sleep and primary mechanisms regulating BP may interact to elevate BP level, suggesting novel insights into sleep-related BP regulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Study overview.
Fig. 2: Forest plots of effects on BP in long, normal, and short sleepers at three replicated novel loci in the multi-ancestry population.

Similar content being viewed by others

Code availability

The URLs of genetic software and database used in this study are provided as follows: ProbABEL, https://github.com/GenABEL-Project/ProbABEL; MMAP, https://mmap.github.io; sandwich, https://github.com/cran/sandwich; METAL, http://csg.sph.umich.edu/abecasis/metal/; EasyQC, http://www.genepi-regensburg.de/easyqc; varExp, https://github.com/vincela/VarExp; HaploReg, https://pubs.broadinstitute.org/mammals/haploreg/haploreg.php; RegulomeDB, http://www.regulomedb.org/; GTEx, https://gtexportal.org/home/; PLINK 2.0, https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink/2.0/; SNPsea, http://pubs.broadinstitute.org/mpg/snpsea/; PheGeni, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap/phegeni; OMIM, https://www.omim.org; DGIdb, https://www.dgidb.org; FUMA, https://fuma.ctglab.nl. The detailed settings are described in Supplementary Methods.

References

  1. Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, et al. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:321–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Cooper RS, Luke A, Zhu X, Kan D, Adeyemo A, Rotimi C, et al. Genome scan among Nigerians linking blood pressure to chromosomes 2, 3, and 19. Hypertension. 2002;40:629–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Levy D, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, O’Donnell CJ, Lifton RP, Gavras H, et al. Evidence for a gene influencing blood pressure on chromosome 17. Genome scan linkage results for longitudinal blood pressure phenotypes in subjects from the framingham heart study. Hypertension. 2000;36:477–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Newton-Cheh C, Johnson T, Gateva V, Tobin MD, Bochud M, Coin L, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure. Nat Genet. 2009;41:666–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Levy D, Ehret GB, Rice K, Verwoert GC, Launer LJ, Dehghan A, et al. Genome-wide association study of blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Genet. 2009;41:677–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association S, Ehret GB, Munroe PB, Rice KM, Bochud M, Johnson AD, et al. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature. 2011;478:103–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Chasman DI, Jackson AU, Schmidt EM, Johnson T, et al. The genetics of blood pressure regulation and its target organs from association studies in 342,415 individuals. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1171–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu C, Kraja AT, Smith JA, Brody JA, Franceschini N, Bis JC, et al. Meta-analysis identifies common and rare variants influencing blood pressure and overlapping with metabolic trait loci. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1162–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Surendran P, Drenos F, Young R, Warren H, Cook JP, Manning AK, et al. Trans-ancestry meta-analyses identify rare and common variants associated with blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1151–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoffmann TJ, Ehret GB, Nandakumar P, Ranatunga D, Schaefer C, Kwok PY, et al. Genome-wide association analyses using electronic health records identify new loci influencing blood pressure variation. Nat Genet. 2017;49:54–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Warren HR, Evangelou E, Cabrera CP, Gao H, Ren M, Mifsud B, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies novel blood pressure loci and offers biological insights into cardiovascular risk. Nat Genet. 2017;49:403–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Evangelou E, Warren HR, Mosen-Ansorena D, Mifsud B, Pazoki R, Gao H, et al. Genetic analysis of over 1 million people identifies 535 new loci associated with blood pressure traits. Nat Genet. 2018;50:1412–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Giri A, Hellwege JN, Keaton JM, Park J, Qiu C, Warren HR, et al. Trans-ethnic association study of blood pressure determinants in over 750,000 individuals. Nat Genet. 2019;51:51–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Franceschini N, Fox E, Zhang Z, Edwards TL, Nalls MA, Sung YJ, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of blood-pressure traits in African-ancestry individuals reveals common associated genes in African and non-African populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2013;93:545–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhu X, Feng T, Tayo BO, Liang J, Young JH, Franceschini N, et al. Meta-analysis of correlated traits via summary statistics from GWASs with an application in hypertension. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96:21–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Liang J, Le TH, Edwards DRV, Tayo BO, Gaulton KJ, Smith JA, et al. Single-trait and multi-trait genome-wide association analyses identify novel loci for blood pressure in African-ancestry populations. PLoS Genet. 2017;13:e1006728.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Sung YJ, Winkler TW, de Las Fuentes L, Bentley AR, Brown MR, Kraja AT, et al. A large-scale multi-ancestry genome-wide study accounting for smoking behavior identifies multiple significant loci for blood pressure. Am J Hum Genet. 2018;102:375–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Noordam R, Bos MM, Wang H, Winkler TW, Bentley AR, Kilpelainen TO, et al. Multi-ancestry sleep-by-SNP interaction analysis in 126,926 individuals reveals lipid loci stratified by sleep duration. Nat Commun. 2019;10:5121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Gangwisch JE. A review of evidence for the link between sleep duration and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27:1235–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Rao DC, Sung YJ, Winkler TW, Schwander K, Borecki I, Cupples LA, et al. Multiancestry study of gene-lifestyle interactions for cardiovascular traits in 610 475 Individuals from 124 cohorts: design and rationale. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017;10:e001649.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Manning AK, LaValley M, Liu CT, Rice K, An P, Liu Y, et al. Meta-analysis of gene-environment interaction: joint estimation of SNP and SNP x environment regression coefficients. Genet Epidemiol. 2011;35:11–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Aulchenko YS, Struchalin MV, van Duijn CM. ProbABEL package for genome-wide association analysis of imputed data. BMC Bioinforma. 2010;11:134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zeileis A Object-oriented computation of sandwich estimators. 2006.

  24. Grandner MA, Schopfer EA, Sands-Lincoln M, Jackson N, Malhotra A. Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index depends on age. Obes (Silver Spring). 2015;23:2491–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Martins D, Tareen N, Pan D, Norris K. The relationship between body mass index, blood pressure and pulse rate among normotensive and hypertensive participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Gd). 2003;49:1305–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Winkler TW, Day FR, Croteau-Chonka DC, Wood AR, Locke AE, Magi R, et al. Quality control and conduct of genome-wide association meta-analyses. Nat Protoc. 2014;9:1192–212.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Laville V, Bentley AR, Prive F, Zhu X, Gauderman J, Winkler TW, et al. VarExp: estimating variance explained by genome-wide GxE summary statistics. Bioinformatics. 2018;34:3412–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Ward LD, Kellis M. HaploReg: a resource for exploring chromatin states, conservation, and regulatory motif alterations within sets of genetically linked variants. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40:D930–934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Boyle AP, Hong EL, Hariharan M, Cheng Y, Schaub MA, Kasowski M, et al. Annotation of functional variation in personal genomes using RegulomeDB. Genome Res. 2012;22:1790–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Consortium GT. Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. Science. 2015;348:648–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LC, Vattikuti S, Purcell SM, Lee JJ. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience. 2015;4:7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Slowikowski K, Hu X, Raychaudhuri S. SNPsea: an algorithm to identify cell types, tissues and pathways affected by risk loci. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2496–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Ramos EM, Hoffman D, Junkins HA, Maglott D, Phan L, Sherry ST, et al. Phenotype–Genotype Integrator (PheGenI): synthesizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data with existing genomic resources. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014;22:144–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hamosh A, Scott AF, Amberger JS, Bocchini CA, McKusick VA. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), a knowledgebase of human genes and genetic disorders. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33:D514–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cotto KC, Wagner AH, Feng YY, Kiwala S, Coffman AC, Spies G, et al. DGIdb 3.0: a redesign and expansion of the drug-gene interaction database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46:D1068–D1073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Watanabe K, Taskesen E, van Bochoven A, Posthuma D. Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1826.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Dashti HS, Jones SE, Wood AR, Lane JM, van Hees VT, Wang H, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic loci for self-reported habitual sleep duration supported by accelerometer-derived estimates. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Sanuki R, Omori Y, Koike C, Sato S, Furukawa T. Panky, a novel photoreceptor-specific ankyrin repeat protein, is a transcriptional cofactor that suppresses CRX-regulated photoreceptor genes. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:753–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Medzikovic L, de Vries CJM, de Waard V. NR4A nuclear receptors in cardiac remodeling and neurohormonal regulation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2019;29:429–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Comuzzie AG, Cole SA, Laston SL, Voruganti VS, Haack K, Gibbs RA, et al. Novel genetic loci identified for the pathophysiology of childhood obesity in the Hispanic population. PLoS One. 2012;7:e51954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Willer CJ, Speliotes EK, Loos RJ, Li S, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, et al. Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation. Nat Genet. 2009;41:25–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Teng X, Aouacheria A, Lionnard L, Metz KA, Soane L, Kamiya A, et al. KCTD: A new gene family involved in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2019;25:887–902.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Eder P, Probst D, Rosker C, Poteser M, Wolinski H, Kohlwein SD, et al. Phospholipase C-dependent control of cardiac calcium homeostasis involves a TRPC3-NCX1 signaling complex. Cardiovasc Res. 2007;73:111–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Dabertrand F, Nelson MT, Brayden JE. Ryanodine receptors, calcium signaling, and regulation of vascular tone in the cerebral parenchymal microcirculation. Microcirculation. 2013;20:307–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Kashef F, Li J, Wright P, Snyder J, Suliman F, Kilic A, et al. Ankyrin-B protein in heart failure: identification of a new component of metazoan cardioprotection. J Biol Chem. 2012;287:30268–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Vicario N, Zappala A, Calabrese G, Gulino R, Parenti C, Gulisano M, et al. Connexins in the central nervous system: physiological traits and neuroprotective targets. Front Physiol. 2017;8:1060.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Andersen JL, Schroder TJ, Christensen S, Strandbygard D, Pallesen LT, Garcia-Alai MM, et al. Identification of the first small-molecule ligand of the neuronal receptor sortilin and structure determination of the receptor-ligand complex. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2014;70:451–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Zheng JS, Arnett DK, Lee YC, Shen J, Parnell LD, Smith CE, et al. Genome-wide contribution of genotype by environment interaction to variation of diabetes-related traits. PLoS One. 2013;8:e77442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Sandhu MS, Waterworth DM, Debenham SL, Wheeler E, Papadakis K, Zhao JH, et al. LDL-cholesterol concentrations: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2008;371:483–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, et al. Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1274–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Pickrell JK, Berisa T, Liu JZ, Segurel L, Tung JY, Hinds DA. Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits. Nat Genet. 2016;48:709–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Lambert JC, Grenier-Boley B, Harold D, Zelenika D, Chouraki V, Kamatani Y, et al. Genome-wide haplotype association study identifies the FRMD4A gene as a risk locus for Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:461–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics C. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511:421–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang Q, Xi B, Liu M, Zhang Y, Fu M. Short sleep duration is associated with hypertension risk among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Res. 2012;35:1012–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Baron KG, Reid KJ. Circadian misalignment and health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26:139–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Douma LG, Gumz ML. Circadian clock-mediated regulation of blood pressure. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;119:108–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Nikolaeva S, Pradervand S, Centeno G, Zavadova V, Tokonami N, Maillard M, et al. The circadian clock modulates renal sodium handling. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:1019–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Paillasse MR, de Medina P. The NR4A nuclear receptors as potential targets for anti-aging interventions. Med Hypotheses. 2015;84:135–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Xi B, He D, Zhang M, Xue J, Zhou D. Short sleep duration predicts risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18:293–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Chambers BE, Clark EG, Gatz AE, Wingert RA. Kctd15 regulates nephron segment development by repressing Tfap2a activity. Development. 2020;147:dev191973.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Adeva-Andany MM, Perez-Felpete N, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Donapetry-Garcia C, Pazos-Garcia C. Liver glucose metabolism in humans. Biosci Rep. 2016;36:e00416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Cascone T, McKenzie JA, Mbofung RM, Punt S, Wang Z, Xu C, et al. Increased Tumor Glycolysis Characterizes Immune Resistance to Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Cell Metab. 2018;27:977–87. e974

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Segovia J, Zarco N. Gas1 is a pleiotropic regulator of cellular functions: from embryonic development to molecular actions in cancer gene therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2014;14:1139–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Zarco N, Bautista E, Cuellar M, Vergara P, Flores-Rodriguez P, Aguilar-Roblero R, et al. Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1) is abundantly expressed in the adult mouse central nervous system. J Histochem Cytochem. 2013;61:731–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Jones SE, Lane JM, Wood AR, van Hees VT, Tyrrell J, Beaumont RN, et al. Genome-wide association analyses of chronotype in 697,828 individuals provides insights into circadian rhythms. Nat Commun. 2019;10:343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139:e56–e528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Nunes J, Jean-Louis G, Zizi F, Casimir GJ, von Gizycki H, Brown CD, et al. Sleep duration among black and white Americans: results of the National Health Interview Survey. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100:317–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hale L, Do DP. Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study. Sleep. 2007;30:1096–103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Barfield R, Wang H, Liu Y, Brody JA, Swenson B, Li R, et al. Epigenome-wide association analysis of daytime sleepiness in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis reveals African-American-specific associations. Sleep. 2019;42:zsz101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Lindhorst J, Alexander N, Blignaut J, Rayner B. Differences in hypertension between blacks and whites: an overview. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2007;18:241–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Delto CF, Heisler FF, Kuper J, Sander B, Kneussel M, Schindelin H. The LisH motif of muskelin is crucial for oligomerization and governs intracellular localization. Structure. 2015;23:364–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Heisler FF, Loebrich S, Pechmann Y, Maier N, Zivkovic AR, Tokito M, et al. Muskelin regulates actin filament- and microtubule-based GABA(A) receptor transport in neurons. Neuron. 2011;70:66–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Ogawa Y, Kakumoto K, Yoshida T, Kuwako KI, Miyazaki T, Yamaguchi J, et al. Elavl3 is essential for the maintenance of Purkinje neuron axons. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2722.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Jackson CL, Patel SR, Jackson WB, 2nd, Lutsey PL, Redline S. Agreement between self-reported and objectively measured sleep duration among white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese adults in the United States: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Sleep. 2018;41:zsy057.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society. Sleep. 2015;38:843–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) R01HL118305. HW and SR were supported by NHLBI R35HL135818. BEC was supported by NHLBI K01HL135405. ARB was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health in the Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health (CRGGH). The CRGGH is supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the Center for Information Technology, and the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health (1ZIAHG200362). D.v.H. was supported by the European Commission funded project HUMAN (Health-2013-INNOVATION-1-602757). The CHARGE cohorts were supported in part by NHLBI infrastructure grant HL105756. Study-specific acknowledgments can be found in the Supplementary Notes.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Heming Wang, Raymond Noordam, Brian E. Cade, Karen Schwander, Thomas W. Winkler, Jiwon Lee, Yun Ju Sung, Amy R. Bentley

  2. These authors jointly supervised this work: Dabeeru C. Rao, Susan Redline, Diana van Heemst

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Heming Wang, Brian E. Cade, Jiwon Lee, Tamar Sofer, Daniel J. Gottlieb & Susan Redline

  2. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Heming Wang, Brian E. Cade, Alisa K. Manning & Tamar Sofer

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Raymond Noordam & Diana van Heemst

  4. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Karen Schwander, Yun Ju Sung, Treva K. Rice & Dabeeru C. Rao

  5. Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Karen Schwander

  6. Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Thomas W. Winkler

  7. Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh PhD Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jiwon Lee

  8. Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jiwon Lee

  9. Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jiwon Lee

  10. Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Amy R. Bentley

  11. Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Alisa K. Manning

  12. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Hugues Aschard

  13. Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

    Hugues Aschard

  14. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen

  15. Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen

  16. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland

    Marjan Ilkov, Gudny Eiriksdottir & Vilmundur Gudnason

  17. Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael R. Brown, Paul S. de Vries, Han Chen, Eric Boerwinkle, Alanna C. Morrison & Myriam Fornage

  18. Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil

    Andrea R. Horimoto, Jose E. Krieger & Alexandre C. Pereira

  19. Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Melissa Richard & Myriam Fornage

  20. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Traci M. Bartz, Joshua C. Bis & Bruce M. Psaty

  21. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Traci M. Bartz & Kenneth Rice

  22. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Dina Vojinovic, Annemarie I. Luik, M. Arfan Ikram, André G. Uitterlinden, Najaf Amin & Cornelia M. van Duijn

  23. Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Dina Vojinovic

  24. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Elise Lim, Hanfei Xu, Daniel Levy & Ching-Ti Liu

  25. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Jovia L. Nierenberg, Jiang He & Tanika N. Kelly

  26. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

    Yongmei Liu & Kurt K. Lohman

  27. Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Kumaraswamynaidu Chitrala, Lenore J. Launer, Alan B. Zonderman & Michele K. Evans

  28. Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Tuomo Rankinen & Claude Bouchard

  29. Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

    Solomon K. Musani, Mario Sims & Ervin R. Fox

  30. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Nora Franceschini & Kari E. North

  31. Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

    Rainer Rauramaa, Pirjo Komulainen & Timo A. Lakka

  32. Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Maris Alver, Reedik Mägi, Lili Milani, Andres Metspalu & Tõnu Esko

  33. Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Maris Alver

  34. Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Phyllis C. Zee

  35. Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Sarah E. Harris & Ian J. Deary

  36. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Peter J. van der Most, Ilja M. Nolte & Harold Snieder

  37. Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Patricia B. Munroe

  38. National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, London, UK

    Patricia B. Munroe

  39. Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Nicholette D. Palmer

  40. Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Brigitte Kühnel, Melanie Waldenberger & Christian Gieger

  41. Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Brigitte Kühnel, Melanie Waldenberger & Annette Peters

  42. Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Stefan Weiss & Uwe Völker

  43. German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Stefan Weiss, Uwe Völker & Marcus Dörr

  44. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA

    Wanqing Wen, Xiao-Ou Shu & Wei Zheng

  45. School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Kelly A. Hall & Lyle J. Palmer

  46. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland

    Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen & Terho Lehtimäki

  47. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

    Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen & Terho Lehtimäki

  48. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Jeff O’Connell

  49. Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Jeff O’Connell

  50. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Dan E. Arking

  51. Center for Precision Health, School of Public Health & School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Han Chen

  52. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle

  53. Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Pamela J. Schreiner

  54. Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA

    Stephen Sidney

  55. Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    James M. Shikany

  56. The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

    Yii-Der Ida Chen, Jie Yao, Xiuqing Guo & Jerome I. Rotter

  57. Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, UW Medicine Sleep Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Sina A. Gharib

  58. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    M. Arfan Ikram

  59. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    André G. Uitterlinden

  60. Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA

    Daniel Levy

  61. JHS Graduate Training and Education Center, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA

    Gregory Wilson

  62. Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Stephen S. Rich

  63. Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Walter Palmas

  64. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Nienke R. Biermasz

  65. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

    Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori

  66. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori

  67. George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA

    Lisa W. Martin

  68. MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA

    Ana Barac

  69. Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Robert B. Wallace

  70. VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

    Daniel J. Gottlieb

  71. Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland

    Sami Heikkinen & Timo A. Lakka

  72. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Sami Heikkinen

  73. Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    John M. Starr

  74. Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, HJ, The Netherlands

    Yuri Milaneschi & Brenda W. J. H. Penninx

  75. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    R. J. Waken

  76. Molecular Genetics and Genomics Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Chuan Gao

  77. German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Neuherberg, Germany

    Annette Peters

  78. Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

    Konstantin Strauch

  79. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Konstantin Strauch

  80. Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

    Konstantin Strauch

  81. Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Thomas Meitinger

  82. Institute and Polyclinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

    Till Roenneberg

  83. Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Marcus Dörr

  84. Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Sutapa Mukherjee

  85. Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Sutapa Mukherjee

  86. Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia

    David R. Hillman

  87. Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

    Mika Kähönen

  88. Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

    Mika Kähönen

  89. Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Lynne E. Wagenknecht

  90. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany

    Christian Gieger

  91. Department Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Hans J. Grabe

  92. Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Vilmundur Gudnason

  93. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Alexandre C. Pereira

  94. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Bruce M. Psaty

  95. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Cornelia M. van Duijn

  96. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA

    Charles Kooperberg

  97. Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Xiaofeng Zhu

  98. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

    Timo A. Lakka

  99. Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    W. James Gauderman

  100. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Susan Redline

Authors
  1. Heming Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raymond Noordam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brian E. Cade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Karen Schwander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Thomas W. Winkler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jiwon Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yun Ju Sung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Amy R. Bentley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Alisa K. Manning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hugues Aschard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Marjan Ilkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Michael R. Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Andrea R. Horimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Melissa Richard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Traci M. Bartz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Dina Vojinovic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Elise Lim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Jovia L. Nierenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Yongmei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Kumaraswamynaidu Chitrala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Tuomo Rankinen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Solomon K. Musani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Nora Franceschini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Rainer Rauramaa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Maris Alver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Phyllis C. Zee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Sarah E. Harris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Peter J. van der Most
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Ilja M. Nolte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Patricia B. Munroe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Nicholette D. Palmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Brigitte Kühnel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Stefan Weiss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Wanqing Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Kelly A. Hall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Jeff O’Connell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. Gudny Eiriksdottir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Lenore J. Launer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  41. Paul S. de Vries
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Dan E. Arking
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  43. Han Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  44. Eric Boerwinkle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  45. Jose E. Krieger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  46. Pamela J. Schreiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  47. Stephen Sidney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  48. James M. Shikany
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  49. Kenneth Rice
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  50. Yii-Der Ida Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  51. Sina A. Gharib
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  52. Joshua C. Bis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  53. Annemarie I. Luik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  54. M. Arfan Ikram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  55. André G. Uitterlinden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  56. Najaf Amin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  57. Hanfei Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  58. Daniel Levy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  59. Jiang He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  60. Kurt K. Lohman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  61. Alan B. Zonderman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  62. Treva K. Rice
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  63. Mario Sims
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  64. Gregory Wilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  65. Tamar Sofer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  66. Stephen S. Rich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  67. Walter Palmas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  68. Jie Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  69. Xiuqing Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  70. Jerome I. Rotter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  71. Nienke R. Biermasz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  72. Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  73. Lisa W. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  74. Ana Barac
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  75. Robert B. Wallace
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  76. Daniel J. Gottlieb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  77. Pirjo Komulainen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  78. Sami Heikkinen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  79. Reedik Mägi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  80. Lili Milani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  81. Andres Metspalu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  82. John M. Starr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  83. Yuri Milaneschi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  84. R. J. Waken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  85. Chuan Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  86. Melanie Waldenberger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  87. Annette Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  88. Konstantin Strauch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  89. Thomas Meitinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  90. Till Roenneberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  91. Uwe Völker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  92. Marcus Dörr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  93. Xiao-Ou Shu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  94. Sutapa Mukherjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  95. David R. Hillman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  96. Mika Kähönen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  97. Lynne E. Wagenknecht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  98. Christian Gieger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  99. Hans J. Grabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  100. Wei Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  101. Lyle J. Palmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  102. Terho Lehtimäki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  103. Vilmundur Gudnason
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  104. Alanna C. Morrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  105. Alexandre C. Pereira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  106. Myriam Fornage
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  107. Bruce M. Psaty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  108. Cornelia M. van Duijn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  109. Ching-Ti Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  110. Tanika N. Kelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  111. Michele K. Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  112. Claude Bouchard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  113. Ervin R. Fox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  114. Charles Kooperberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  115. Xiaofeng Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  116. Timo A. Lakka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  117. Tõnu Esko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  118. Kari E. North
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  119. Ian J. Deary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  120. Harold Snieder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  121. Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  122. W. James Gauderman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  123. Dabeeru C. Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  124. Susan Redline
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  125. Diana van Heemst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HW, BEC, and JL conducted the centralized data analyses, including quality controls, meta-analyses, and post association lookups and bioinformatics. HW, RN, BEC, KS, TWW, JL, YJS, ARB, DCR, SR, and DvanH were part of the writing group and participated in study design, interpreting the data, and drafting the manuscript. All other co-authors were responsible for cohort-level data collection, cohort-level data analysis, and critical reviews of the draft paper. All authors approved the final version of the paper that was submitted to the journal.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Heming Wang or Diana van Heemst.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

DOMK is a part-time research consultant at Metabolon, Inc. BMP serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer (Zoll LifeCor) and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. HJG has received travel grants and speakers honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier and Janssen Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, H., Noordam, R., Cade, B.E. et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene–sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure. Mol Psychiatry 26, 6293–6304 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01087-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01087-0

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links