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Two-dimensional diamonds from sp2-to-sp3 phase transitions

Nature Reviews Materials volume 7, pages 814–832 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

The ability to change material properties through phase engineering has long been sought, with the goal of ad hoc tunability of the physical and chemical properties of the transformed phases. The synthesis and study of graphene have made it possible to explore the mechanisms of 2D phase transformations, opening up paths towards the formation of 2D diamond and diamond thin films. This Review examines the state-of-the-art phase transformations in 2D graphitic systems and beyond. The theoretical models formulated to describe the sp2-to-sp3 transitions from graphene to 2D diamond and the experimental processes developed to induce the transition to 2D diamond are discussed, focusing on the transformations induced by chemical functionalization and pressure. The effects of different structural and environmental factors on the evolution of the phase transformations and on the properties of the transformed diamond phases are explored. Without comprehensively reviewing phase transitions in all 2D materials, we briefly mention hexagonal boron nitride, phosphorene, transition metal dichalcogenides and MXenes systems. Finally, the Review delves into the technologies and applications of phase transformations in 2D materials and the opportunities for this field.

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Fig. 1: Phase transformation of graphene into sp3 graphane and 2D diamond through chemical functionalization.
Fig. 2: Pressure-induced phase transformation of epitaxial graphene into 2D diamond.
Fig. 3: Pressure-induced phase transformation of graphene into 2D OH-diamane.
Fig. 4: Pressure-induced phase transformation of hBN into 2D diamond BN.
Fig. 5: Phase transformations in phosphorene.
Fig. 6: Phase transformations in TMDs.
Fig. 7: Phase transformations in MXenes.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, MSE Division under award no. DE-SC0018924. The authors also thank the support of the US Army Research Office under award no. W911NF2020116.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Francesco Lavini, Martin Rejhon.

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  1. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Francesco Lavini, Martin Rejhon & Elisa Riedo

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  1. Francesco Lavini
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Correspondence to Elisa Riedo.

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Lavini, F., Rejhon, M. & Riedo, E. Two-dimensional diamonds from sp2-to-sp3 phase transitions. Nat Rev Mater 7, 814–832 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-022-00451-y

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