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Experimental models of acute kidney injury for translational research

Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 18, pages 277–293 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Preclinical models of human disease provide powerful tools for therapeutic discovery but have limitations. This problem is especially apparent in the field of acute kidney injury (AKI), in which clinical trial failures have been attributed to inaccurate modelling performed largely in rodents. Multidisciplinary efforts such as the Kidney Precision Medicine Project are now starting to identify molecular subtypes of human AKI. In addition, over the past decade, there have been developments in human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids as well as zebrafish, rodent and large animal models of AKI. These organoid and AKI models are being deployed at different stages of preclinical therapeutic development. However, the traditionally siloed, preclinical investigator-driven approaches that have been used to evaluate AKI therapeutics to date rarely account for the limitations of the model systems used and have given rise to false expectations of clinical efficacy in patients with different AKI pathophysiologies. To address this problem, there is a need to develop more flexible and integrated approaches, involving teams of investigators with expertise in a range of different model systems, working closely with clinical investigators, to develop robust preclinical evidence to support more focused interventions in patients with AKI.

Key points

  • Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoid models of toxin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) are amenable to high-throughput drug discovery and may provide insight into inter-individual variations in responses to therapeutic interventions.

  • Zebrafish models of toxin-induced AKI can be used for high-throughput, rapid therapeutic discovery before translation into mammalian systems.

  • Ischaemic, cardiac, toxin and sepsis-associated rodent models of AKI can be used to reflect diverse pathophysiologies in human AKI, validate therapeutic targets using genetic studies and explore distant organ effects of AKI.

  • Large animal models provide opportunities to more closely model human AKI pathophysiology and pharmacology, with increasingly complex, layered models of injury.

  • The discovery of molecular subtypes of human AKI will drive the development of focused preclinical therapeutic strategies to target defined AKI pathophysiologies.

  • We recommend multidisciplinary, bench-to-bedside approaches to the development and design of preclinical research pipelines using multiple models and species to optimize the potential for translation of findings into therapies for human AKI.

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Fig. 1: Rodent models of cardiorenal syndrome type 1.
Fig. 2: Individualized therapeutic development plans for AKI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA

    Neil A. Hukriede

  2. Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, USA

    Danielle E. Soranno

  3. Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Veronika Sander, Tayla Perreau & Alan J. Davidson

  4. Department of Paediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA

    Michelle C. Starr

  5. Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutic Unit, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, NIH, Bethesda, USA

    Peter S. T. Yuen

  6. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Medical School, Louisville, USA

    Leah J. Siskind

  7. Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA

    Michael P. Hutchens

  8. Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA

    David M. Burmeister

  9. Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, USA

    Sarah Faubel

  10. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA

    Mark P. de Caestecker

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  1. Neil A. Hukriede
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Contributions

All authors researched the data for the article. M.P.D.C., N.A.H., D.E.S., V.S., T.P., P.S.T.Y., L.J.S., M.P.H., A.J.D., D.M.B. and S.F. wrote the text. M.P.D.C., D.M.B. and S.F. made substantial contributions to discussions of the content. M.P.D.C., N.A.H., D.E.S., V.S., M.C.S., P.S.T.Y., L.J.S., M.P.H., A.J.D., D.M.B. and S.F. reviewed or edited the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark P. de Caestecker.

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Nature Reviews Nephrology thanks the anonymous, reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Hukriede, N.A., Soranno, D.E., Sander, V. et al. Experimental models of acute kidney injury for translational research. Nat Rev Nephrol 18, 277–293 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00539-2

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