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BATF3 programs CD8+ T cell memory

Nature Immunology volume 21, pages 1397–1407 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Antiviral CD8+ T cell responses are characterized by an initial activation/priming of T lymphocytes followed by a massive proliferation, subset differentiation, population contraction and the development of a stable memory pool. The transcription factor BATF3 has been shown to play a central role in the development of conventional dendritic cells, which in turn are critical for optimal priming of CD8+ T cells. Here we show that BATF3 was expressed transiently within the first days after T cell priming and had long-lasting T cell–intrinsic effects. T cells that lacked Batf3 showed normal expansion and differentiation, yet succumbed to an aggravated contraction and had a diminished memory response. Vice versa, BATF3 overexpression in CD8+ T cells promoted their survival and transition to memory. Mechanistically, BATF3 regulated T cell apoptosis and longevity via the proapoptotic factor BIM. By programing CD8+ T cell survival and memory, BATF3 is a promising molecule to optimize adoptive T cell therapy in patients.

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Fig. 1: BATF3 has a CD8+ T cell–intrinsic function.
Fig. 2: BATF3 regulates memory transition and survival of CD8+ T cells.
Fig. 3: The lack of BATF3 impacts CD8+ T cell fitness.
Fig. 4: BATF3 regulates CD8+ T cell survival via the BIM.
Fig. 5: BATF3 gain-of-function promotes CD8+ T cell survival in vitro and in vivo.
Fig. 6: BATF3 gain-of-function promotes CD8+ T cell fitness.
Fig. 7: BATF3 is a potential target for immunotherapy in humans.

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Data availability

The sequencing data are available at NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) under accession numbers GSE143504 and GSE153341. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Core Unit for FACS and the Core Unit SysMed of the IZKF Würzburg for supporting this study, H.C. Probst (Institute for Immunology, Mainz University) and T. Kaisho (Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University) for providing the P14 and XCR1-DTR-Venus mice31, respectively. The B8R tetramer was obtained through the National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility. This work was supported by grants through the German Research Foundation, SFB TR 221 (project A03 to M. Hudecek and H.E.), Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC2151 – (390873048 to M. Hölzel) and German Research Foundation Emmy Noether programme (GA2129/2-1 to G.G.) and by grants of the European Research Council to W.K. (819329- STEP2) and G.G. (759176-TissueLymphoContexts). W.K., G.G. and M.V. are supported by the by the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Research Groups).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Marco A. Ataide, Karl Komander.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max-Planck Research Group, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Marco A. Ataide, Karl Komander, Konrad Knöpper, Annika E. Peters, Hao Wu, Sarah Eickhoff, Tea Gogishvili, Anika Grafen, Georg Gasteiger, Martin Vaeth & Wolfgang Kastenmüller

  2. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Justus Weber, Hermann Einsele & Michael Hudecek

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Axel Kallies

  4. Institute of Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Natalio Garbi

  5. Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Michael Hölzel

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Contributions

M.A.A., K. Komander, M.V. and W.K. conceptualized the study and analyzed data. M.A.A., K. Komander, K. Knöpper, A.E.P., H.W., S.E., T.G, J.W. and A.G. planned and performed experiments and analyzed the data. K. Knöpper and M. Hölzel analyzed transcriptome data. A.E.P. generated critical reagents. M. Hudecek provided critical reagents. A.K., N.G., H.E., M. Hudecek, G.G., M. Hölzel provided intellectual input and gave conceptual advice. M.A.A. and W.K. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. W.K. and G.G. provided research funds.

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Correspondence to Marco A. Ataide or Wolfgang Kastenmüller.

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M.A.A., M. Hudecek and W.K. are currently applying for patents relating to the content of this manuscript.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Batf3–/– and WT leukocyte chimerism.

Relative abundance of leukocytes after prime (d8; VV) and recall response (d6; VV) of bone marrow chimeric mice. Data are representative of two (n = 9 at prime and n = 7 at recall) independent experiments. Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups was calculated using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test.

Extended Data Fig. 2 OT-I CD8+ T cell immune response during L.m. OVA infection.

Kinetic analysis of co-transferred WT (GFP) and Batf3−/− (CD45.1) OT-I cells in the blood of WT recipients after L.m.-OVA i.p. Data are representative of three independent experiments (n = 4). Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups was calculated using the One sample t-test. ***, p = 0.0003.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Measurement of mitochondrial potential during the contraction phase of CD8+ T cell immune response.

Representative dotplots, histograms and statistical analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential of the co-transferred WT (GFP) and Batf3−/− (CD45.1) OT-I cells. Cells were analyzed at d8 and d12 post- VV-OVA infection. Data are representative of two independent experiments (n = 4). Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups was calculated using the paired Student’s t-test. * = p ≤ 0.05.

Extended Data Fig. 4 BATF3 programs T cell survival via the proapoptotic factor BIM.

(a) Kinetic analysis of co-transferred WT (CD45.1 / CD45.2) and Batf3−/− (CD45.1) OT-I cells in the blood of IL15 deficient (IL15-/-) recipients after or VV-OVA i.p. infection. (b) qRT-PCR of Batf in ex vivo isolated WT and Batf3−/− CD8 OT-I cells after VV-OVA infection, or 48 h hours post anti-CD3/CD28 in vitro stimulation. (c) Heatmap showing the 166 differentially expressed genes by comparing WT versus Batf3−/− CD8 T cells in vitro stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 for 48 h or 72 h. Columns represent technical replicates. (d) Sequence and schematic of the retroviral plasmid carrying the Bcl2l11 shRNA. pLMPd-shRNA-Ametrine were provided by Transomic®. The shRNA position is marked in red and reported by Ametrine (yellow). The cassette carrying the shRNA is flanked by LTRs (dark grey) and MESV Psi (light grey). Ametrine (yellow) is active by a PGK promoter (light grey). LTR: long terminal repeat; MESV: murine embryonic stem cell virus; Psi: RNA target site for packaging; PGK: PGK promoter. Data are representative of one experiment (n = 4). Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups (n = 4) was calculated using the One sample t-test. **, p = 0.007.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Schematics of the retroviral vectors.

For both retroviral over-expression plasmids pMIG was used as a backbone. In both cases the inserts, Batf3-IRES-GFP (dark blue and green, respectively) and Batf-IRES-GFP (light blue and green, respectively), were inserted between the LTRs (dark grey) and downstream of MESV Psi (light grey) and gag (grey-blue). As mock control pMIGR1-Ametrine was used. LTR: long terminal repeat; gag: structural precursor protein for packaging; MESV: murine embryonic stem cell virus; Psi: RNA target site for packaging.

Extended Data Fig. 6 BATF3-, but not BATF- overexpression promotes CD8+ T cell survival in vitro.

(a, b) Naïve CD8 T cells were isolated, activated and retrovirally transduced with pMIG- Ametrine (empty vector) or carrying the murine Batf3, pMIG-BATF3-GFP (BATF3) or the murine Batf, pMIG-BATF-GFP (BATF). Cells were resting for 48 h in culture after transduction and for additional 48 h after sorting before in vitro activation with anti-CD3/CD28. (a) Representative dotplots and statistical analysis of the in vitro kinetics of WT CD8 T cells coculture (50:50 – empty vector: BATF3) and (b) 50:50 – empty vector: BATF) in two different concentrations of IL-15. (c) Representative dotplots and statistical analysis of the in vitro kinetics of WT versus Batf3-/- CD8 T cells coculture (50:50 – empty vector: empty vector or empty vector: BATF3). Data are representative of one (a; n = 4) or two (b, c; n = 4) independent experiments. Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups was calculated using the One sample t-test. **, p = 0.007.

Extended Data Fig. 7 BATF3 overexpression programs CD8+ T cell stemness.

(a-d) Representative dotplots and gating strategy for (a) IL-7R, (b) ICOS, (c) intracellular CTLA-4 and (d) Tim-3 expression analysis in resting and after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation of 50:50 (empty vector: BATF3) CD8+ T cell coculture. (e) Statistical analysis of Glycolitic Proton Eflux Rate (GlycoPER) readouts and (f) Oxygen Consuption Rate (OCR) parameters measured in resting state and 24 h after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. (a-f) Data are representative of two independent experiments (n = 3). Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups was calculated using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test.

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Ataide, M.A., Komander, K., Knöpper, K. et al. BATF3 programs CD8+ T cell memory. Nat Immunol 21, 1397–1407 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0786-2

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