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Novel laser-induced luminescence resulting from benzophenone/O-propylated p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene complexes. A diffuse reflectance study

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Abstract

Laser-induced room temperature luminescence of air-equilibrated benzophenone/O-propylated p-tert-butylcalix-[4]arene solid powdered samples revealed the existence of a novel emission, in contrast with benzophenone/p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene complexes, where only benzophenone emits. This novel emission was identified as phosphorescence of 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, which is formed as the result of an hydrogen atom abstraction reaction of the triplet excited benzophenone from the propoxy substituents of the calixarene. Room temperature phosphorescence was obtained in air-equilibrated samples in all propylated hosts. The decay times of the benzophenone emission vary greatly with the degree of propylation, the shortest lifetimes being obtained in the tri- and tetrapropylated calixarenes. Triplet–triplet absorption of benzophenone was detected in all cases, and is the predominant absorption in the p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene case, where an endo-calix complex is formed. Benzophenone ketyl radical formation occurs with the O-propylated p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes hosts, suggesting a different type of host/guest molecular arrangement. Diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques provided complementary information, the former about transient species and the latter regarding the final products formed after light absorption. Product analysis and identification clearly show that the two main degradation photoproducts following laser excitation in the propylated substrates are 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione and 2-hydroxybenzophenone, although several other minor photodegradation products were identified. A detailed mechanistic analysis is proposed. While the solution photochemistry of benzophenone is dominated by the hydrogen abstraction reaction from suitable hydrogen donors, in these solid powdered samples, the α-cleavage reaction also plays an important role. This finding occurs even with one single laser pulse which lasts only a few nanoseconds, and is apparently related to the fact that scattered radiation exists, due to multiple internal reflections possibly trapping light within non-absorbing microcrystals in the sample, and is detected until at least 20 µs after the laser pulse. This could explain how photoproducts thus formed could also be excited with only one laser pulse.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Química-Física Molecular–Complexo Interdisciplinar, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal

    Luis F. Vieira Ferreira, José P. Da Silva, Isabel Ferreira Machado & Anabela S. Oliveira

  2. Secção de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1950-062, Lisboa, Portugal

    Margarida R. Vieira Ferreira & José V. Prata

  3. FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    José P. Da Silva

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  1. Luis F. Vieira Ferreira
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  2. Margarida R. Vieira Ferreira
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  3. José P. Da Silva
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  4. Isabel Ferreira Machado
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Correspondence to Luis F. Vieira Ferreira.

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Ferreira, L.F.V., Ferreira, M.R.V., Da Silva, J.P. et al. Novel laser-induced luminescence resulting from benzophenone/O-propylated p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene complexes. A diffuse reflectance study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2, 1002–1010 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1039/b306582k

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