Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer: from local to systemic treatment

  • Perspective
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a medical device, a photosensitizing drug and adequate use of both to trigger biological mechanisms that can rapidly destroy the primary tumour and provide long-lasting protection against metastasis. We present a multidisciplinary view of the issues raised by the development of PDT. We show how spectroscopy, photophysics, photochemistry and pharmacokinetics of photosensitizers determine the mechanism of cell death and clinical protocols. Various examples of combinations with chemotherapies and immunotherapies illustrate the opportunities to potentiate the outcome of PDT. Particular emphasis is given to the mechanisms that can be exploited to establish PDT as a systemic treatment of solid tumours and metastatic disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Agostinis, K. Berg, K. A. Cengel, T. H. Foster, A. W. Girotti, S. O. Golinick, S. M. Hahn, M. R. Hamblin, A. Juzeniene, D. Kessel, M. Korbelik, J. Moan, P. Mroz, D. Nowis, J. Piette, B. C. Wilson and J. Golab, CA Cancer J. Clin., 2011, 61, 250–281.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. T. J. Dougherty, C. J. Gomer, B. W. Henderson, G. Jori, D. Kessel, M. Korbelik, J. Moan and Q. Peng, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1998, 90, 889–905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. D. E. Dolmans, D. Fukumura and R. K. Jain, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2003, 3, 380–387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. W. M. Sharman, C. M. Allen and J. E. van Lier, Drug Discovery Today, 1999, 4, 507–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. D. Phillips, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2010, 9, 1589–1596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. B. Krammer, Anticancer Res., 2001, 21, 4271–4277.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. D. Preise, A. Scherz and Y. Salomon, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 681–688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. H. Pass, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1998, 85, 443–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. A. P. Castano, T. N. Demidowa and M. R. Hamblin, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 2004, 1, 279–293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. P. Castano, P. Mroz and M. R. Hamblin, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2006, 6, 535–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. B. C. Wilson and M. S. Patterson, Phys. Med. Biol., 2008, 53, 61–109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Chen, G. Li and R. K. Pandey, Curr. Org. Chem., 2004, 8, 1105–1134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. E. Borbas, C. Ruzié and J. S. Lindsey, Org. Lett., 2008, 10, 1931–1933.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. S. O. Gollnick and C. M. Brackett, Immunol. Res., 2010, 46, 216–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. M. G. H. Vicente, Curr. Med. Chem.: Anti-Cancer Agents, 2001, 1, 175–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. N. P. F. Gonçalves, A. V. Simoes, A. Abreu, A. J. Abrunhosa, J. M. Dąbrowski and M. M. Pereira, J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines, 2015, 19, DOI: 10.1142/S1088424615500728.

  17. M. Ethirajan, Y. Chen, P. Joshi and R. K. Pandey, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, 40, 340–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. J. M. Dąbrowski, M. M. Pereira, L. G. Arnaut, C. J. P. Monteiro, A. F. Peixoto, A. Karocki, K. Urbanska and G. Stochel, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 897–903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. A. V. C. Simoes, A. Adamowicz, J. M. Dąbrowski, M. J. F. Calvete, A. R. Abreu, G. Stochel, L. G. Arnaut and M. M. Pereira, Tetrahedron, 2012, 68, 8767–8772.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Kempa, P. Kozub, J. Kimball, M. Rojkiewicz, P. Kuś, Z. Gryczyński and A. Ratuszna, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 2015, 146, 249–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. E. F. F. Silva, F. A. Schaberle, C. J. P. Monteiro, J. M. Dąbrowski and L. G. Arnaut, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2013, 12, 1187–1192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Szurko, M. Rams, A. Sochanik, K. Sieroń-Stołtny, A. M. Kozielec, F. P. Montforts, R. Wrzalik and A. Ratuszna, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2009, 17, 8197–8205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. J. M. Dąbrowski, L. G. Arnaut, M. M. Pereira, C. J. P. Monteiro, K. Urbanska, S. Simões and G. Stochel, ChemMedChem, 2010, 5, 1770–1780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. M. Dąbrowski, M. Krzykawska, L. G. Arnaut, M. M. Pereira, C. J. P. Monteiro, S. Simões, K. Urbanska, G. Stochel and ChemMedChem, 2011, 6, 1715–1726.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. R. Bonnett, P. Charlesworth, B. D. Djelal, D. J. McGarvey and T. G. Truscott, J. Chem. Soc., 1999, 2, 325–328.

    Google Scholar 

  26. V. A. Privalov, A. V. Lappa, O. V. Seliverstov, A. B. Faizrakhmanov, N. N. Yarovoy, E. V. Kochneva, M. V. Evnevich, A. S. Anikina, A. V. Reshetnicov, I. D. Zalevsky and Y. V. Kemov, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 2002, 4612, 178–189.

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. A. Hargus, F. R. Fronczek, M. G. H. Vicente and K. M. Smith, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 1006–1015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Pineiro, A. M. d. A. R. Gonsalves, M. M. Pereira, S. J. Formosinho and L. G. Arnaut, J. Phys. Chem., 2002, 106, 3787–3795.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. S. V. Dudkin, E. A. Makarova, L. K. Slivka and E. A. Lukyanets, J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines, 2014, 18, 107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. M. Pereira, C. J. P. Monteiro, A. V. C. Simoes, S. M. A. Pinto, A. R. Abreu, G. F. F. Sa, E. F. F. Silva, L. B. Rocha, J. M. Dąbrowski, S. J. Formosinho, S. Simoes and L. G. Arnaut, Tetrahedron, 2010, 66, 9545–9551.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Y. Y. Huang, P. Mroz, T. Zhiyentayev, S. K. Sharma, T. Balasubramanian, C. Ruzié, M. Krayer, D. Fan, K. E. Borbas, E. Yang, H. L. Kee, C. Kirmaier, J. R. Diers, D. F. Bocian, D. Holten, J. S. Lindsey and M. R. Hamblin, J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53, 4018–4027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. P. Mroz, Y. Y. Huang, A. Szokalska, T. Zhiyentayev, S. Janjua, A.-P. Nifli, M. E. Sherwood, C. Ruzié, K. E. Borbas, D. Fan, M. Krayer, T. Balasubramanian, E. Yang, H. L. Kee, C. Kirmaier, J. R. Diers, D. F. Bocian, D. Holten, J. S. Lindsey and M. R. Hamblin, FASEB J., 2010, 24, 3160–3170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. L. G. Arnaut, M. M. Pereira, J. M. Dąbrowski, E. F. F. Silva, F. A. Schaberle, A. A. Abreu, L. B. Rocha, M. M. Barsam, K. Urbanska, G. Stochel and C. M. A. Brett, Chem.–Eur. J., 2014, 20, 5346–5357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Y.-Y. Huang, T. Balasubramanian, E. Yang, D. Luo, J. R. Diers, D. F. Bocian, J. S. Lindsey, D. Holten and M. R. Hamblin, ChemMedChem, 2012, 7, 2155–2167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. J. M. Dąbrowski, K. Urbanska, L. G. Arnaut, M. M. Pereira, A. R. Abreu, S. Simões and G. Stochel, ChemMedChem, 2011, 6, 465–475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J. M. Dąbrowski, L. G. Arnaut, M. M. Pereira, K. Urbanska and G. Stochel, Med. Chem. Commun., 2012, 3, 502–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. R. Saavedra, L. B. Rocha, J. M. Dąbrowski and L. G. Arnaut, ChemMedChem, 2014, 9, 390–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. B. G. Ongarora, X. Hu, H. Li, F. R. Fronczek and M. G. H. Vicente, Med. Chem. Commun., 2012, 3, 179–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A. D. Quartarolo, D. Pérusse, F. Dumoulin, N. Russo and E. Sicilia, J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines, 2013, 17, 980–988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. D. Lafont, Y. Zorlu, H. Savoie, F. Albrieux, V. Ahsen, R. W. Boyle and F. Dumoulin, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 2013, 10, 252–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. W. Liu, T. J. Jensen, F. R. Fronczek, R. P. Hammer, K. M. Smith and G. H. Vicente, J. Med. Chem., 2005, 48, 1033–1041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. P. Mroz, A. Pawlak, M. Satti, H. Lee, T. Wharton, H. Gali, T. Sarna and M. R. Hamblin, Free Radicals Biol. Med., 2007, 43, 711–719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. M. Krieg, J. M. Bilitz, M. B. Srichaiand and R. W. Redmond, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1994, 1199, 149–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Z. Diwu, J. W. P. Lown, Free Radicals Biol. Med., 1993, 14, 209–215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Szaciłowski, W. Macyk, A. Drzewiecka-Matuszek, M. Brindell and G. Stochel, Chem. Rev., 2005, 105, 2647–2694.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. A. E. O’Connor, W. M. Gallagher and A. T. Byrne, Photochem. Photobiol., 2009, 85, 1053–1074.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. R. Bonnett and G. Martinez, Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 9513–9547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Y. Vakrat-Haglili, L. Weiner, V. Brumfeld, A. Brandis, Y. Salomon, B. Mcllroy, B. C. Wilson, A. Pawlak, M. Rozanowska, T. Sarna and A. Scherz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 6487–6497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. R. R. Allison, G. H. Downie, R. Cuenca, X.-H. Hu, C. Childs and C. H. Sibata, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 2004, 1, 27–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. A. F. Mironov, A. S. Seylanov, J. A. Seylanov, V. M. Pizhik, I. V. Derughenko and A. J. Nockel, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1992, 16, 341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. C. Tanielian, C. Schweitzer, R. Mechin and C. Wolff, Free Radicals Biol. Med., 2001, 30, 208–212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. S. I. Moriwaki, J. Misawa, Y. Yoshinari, I. Yamada, M. Takigawa and Y. Tokura, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 2001, 17, 241–243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. M. Mori, I. Sakata, T. Hirano, A. Obana, S. Nakajima, M. Hikida and T. Kumagai, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 2003, 91, 753–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Inc AP, Photofrin®–Product Monograph, Inc AP, Axcan Pharma Inc, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  55. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_Product_Information/human/000318/WC500024398.pdf.

  56. T. J. Kinsella, E. D. Baron, V. C. Colussi, K. D. Cooper, C. L. Hoppel, S. T. Ingalls, M. E. Kenney, X. Li, N. L. Oleinick, S. R. Stevens and S. C. Remick, Front. Oncol., 2011, 1, 14.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Q. Peng, J. Moan, L. W. Ma, J. M. Nesland, Cancer Res., 1995, 55, 2620–2626.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. R. Whelpton, A. T. Michael-Titus, S. S. Basra and M. F. Grahn, Photochem. Photobiol., 1995, 61, 397–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. M. C. Berenbaum, R. Bonnett, E. B. Chevretton, S. L. Ajande-Adebakin and M. Ruston, Lasers Med. Sci., 1993, 8, 235–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. J. M. Houle and A. Strong, J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 42, 547–557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. H. Lui, L. Nobbs, W. D. Tope, P. K. Lee, C. Elmets and N. Provost, Arch. Dermatol., 2004, 140, 26–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. M. T. Huggett, M. Jermyn, A. Gillams, R. Illing, S. Mosse and M. Novelli, Br. J. Cancer, 2014, 110, 1698–1704.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. O. Mazor, A. Brandis, V. Plaks, E. Neumark, V. Rosenbach-Belkin and Y. Salomon, Photochem. Photobiol., 2005, 81, 342–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. A. R. Azzouzi, E. Barret, C. M. Moore, A. Villers, C. Allen, A. Scherz, G. Muir, M. de Wildt, N. J. Barber, S. Lebdai and M. Emberton, Br. J. Urol. Int., 2013, 112, 766–774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. E. G. Azenha, A. C. Serra, M. Pineiro, M. M. Pereira, J. Seixas de Melo, L. G. Arnaut, S. J. Formosinho and A. M. d. A. R. Gonsalves, Chem. Phys., 2002, 280, 177–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. M. Krzykawska-Serda, J. M. Dabrowski, L. G. Arnaut, M. Szczygiel, K. Urbanska and G. Stochel, Free Radicals Biol. Med., 2014, 73, 239–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. E. F. F. Silva, B. W. Pedersen, T. Breitenbach, R. Toftegaard, M. K. Kuimova, L. G. Arnaut and P. R. Ogilby, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116, 445–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. L. G. Arnaut and S. J. Formosinho, Pure Appl. Chem., 2013, 85, 1389–1403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. R. V. Bensasson, E. J. Land and T. G. Truscott, Excited States and Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine: Contributions from Flash Photolysis and Pulse Radiolysis, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  70. K. Berg, Mechanisms of cell damage in photodynamic therapy, in The Fundamental Bases of Phototherapy, ed. H. Hönigsmann, G. Jori and A. R. Young, Milano, OEMF spa, 1996, pp. 181–207.

  71. I. Ashur, R. Goldschmidt, I. Pinkas, Y. Salomon, G. Szewczyk, T. Sarna and A. Scherz, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2009, 113, 8027–8037.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. J. C. Liao, J. Roider and D. G. Jay, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1994, 91, 2659–2663.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. P. R. Ogilby, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2010, 9, 1543–1560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. C. Hadjur, G. Wagnières, F. Ihringer, P. Monnier and H. van den Berg, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1997, 38, 196–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. E. Yang, J. R. Diers, Y. Y. Huang, K. Aravindu, M. R. Hamblin, J. S. Lindsey, D. F. Bocian and D. Holten, Photochem. Photobiol., 2013, 89, 605–618.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. J. M. Dąbrowski, L. G. Arnaut, M. M. Pereira, K. Urbańska, S. Simões, G. Stochel and L. Cortes, Free Radicals Biol. Med., 2012, 52, 1188–11120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. A. N. Bashkatov, E. A. Genina, V. I. Kochubey and V. V. Tuchin, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2005, 38, 2543–2555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. AAPM, Photodynamic Therapy Dosimetry, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Madison, WI, USA, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  79. T. J. Farrel, B. C. Wilson, M. S. Patterson and R. Chow, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 1991, 1426, 146–155.

    Google Scholar 

  80. I. Georgakoudi, M. G. Nichols and T. H. Foster, Photochem. Photobiol., 1997, 65, 135–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. H. B. Ris, H. J. Altermatt, B. Nachbur, J. C. M. Stewart, Q. Wang, C. K. Lim, R. Bonnett and U. Althaus, Int. J. Cancer, 1993, 53, 141–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. M. C. Berenbaum, S. L. Akande, R. Bonnett, H. Kaur, S. Ioannou, R. D. White and U. J. Winfield, Br. J. Cancer, 1986, 54, 717–725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. R. Bonnett, R. D. White, U. J. Winfield, M. C. Berenbaum and Biochem. J., 1998, 261, 277–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. L. Rocha, L. Gomes-da-Silva, J. M. Dabrowski and L. G. Arnaut, Eur. J. Cancer, 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.002.

    Google Scholar 

  85. C. Abels, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2004, 3, 765–771.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. H. Mojzisova, S. Bonneau, C. Vever-Bizet and D. Brault, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr., 2007, 1768, 2748–2756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. A. Juarranz, A. Villanueva, V. Díaz and M. Cañete, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1995, 27, 47–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. M. K. Kuimova, M. Balaz, H. L. Anderson and P. R. Ogilby, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 7948–7949.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. K. Berg, A. Western, J. C. Bommer and J. Moan, Photochem. Photobiol., 1990, 52, 481–487.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Z. Malik, I. Amit and C. Rothmann, Photochem. Photobiol., 1997, 65, 389–396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. R. Sailer, W. S. L. Strauss, H. Emmert, K. Stock, R. Steiner and H. Schneckenburger, Photochem. Photobiol., 2000, 71, 460–465.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. L. Liu, Z. Zhang and D. Xing, Free Radicals Biol. Med., 2011, 51, 53–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. D. Garg, H. Maes, E. Romano and P. Agostinis, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/C4PP00466C.

    Google Scholar 

  94. D. H. Kessel, M. Price and J. J. Reiners Jr., Autophagy, 2012, 8, 1333–1341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. K. Berg and J. Moan, Photochem. Photobiol., 1997, 65, 403–409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Y. J. Hsieh, C. C. Wu, C. J. Chang and J. S. Yu, J. Cell. Physiol., 2003, 194, 363–375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Y. J. Hsieh, J. S. Yu and P. C. Lyu, J. Cell. Biochem., 2010, 111, 821–833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. S. Marchal, A. François, D. Dumas, F. Guillemin and L. Bezdetnaya, Br. J. Cancer, 2007, 96, 944–951.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. P. Morlière, J.-C. Mazière, R. Santus, C. D. Smith, M. R. Prinsep, C. C. Stobbe, M. C. Fenning, J. L. Golberg and J. D. Chapman, Cancer Res., 1998, 58, 3571–3578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. J. M. Runnels, N. Chen, B. Ortel, D. Kato and T. Hasan, Br. J. Cancer, 1999, 80, 946–953.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. T. Osaki, S. Takagi, Y. Hoshino, M. Okumura and T. Fujinaga, Cancer Lett., 2006, 243, 281–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. M. E. Rodriguez, P. Zhang, K. Azizuddin, G. B. Delos Santos, S. M. Chiu, L. Y. Xue, J. C. Berlin, X. Peng, H. Wu, M. Lam, A. L. Nieminen, M. E. Kenney and N. L. Oleinick, Photochem. Photobiol., 2009, 85, 1189–1200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. L. Benov, Med. Princ. Pract., 2015, 24Suppl. 1, 14–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. M. Obeid, A. Tesniere and F. Ghiringhelli, Nat. Med., 2007, 13, 54–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. D. V. Krysko, A. D. Garg, A. Kaczmarek, O. Krysko, P. Agostinis and P. Vandenabeele, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2012, 12, 860–875.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. A. D. Garg, D. V. Krysko, T. Verfaillie, A. Kaczmarek, G. B. Ferreira, T. Marysael, N. Rubio, M. Firczuk, C. Mathieu, A. J. M. Roebroek, W. Annaert, J. Golab, P. de Witte, P. Vandenabeele and P. Agostinis, EMBO J., 2012, 21, 1062–1079.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. P. Mroz, A. Yaroslavsky, G. B. Kharkwal and M. R. Hamblin, Cancer, 2011, 3, 2516–2539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. A. E. Edinger and C. B. Thompson, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2004, 16, 663–669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. A. C. Rego and C. R. Oliveira, Neurochem. Res., 2003, 28, 1563–1574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. A. M. Chinnaiyan, K. O’Rourke, M. Tewari and V. M. Dixit, Cell, 1995, 81, 505–512.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. D. Carmona-Gutierrez, T. Eisenberg, S. Buttner, C. Meisinger, G. Kroemer and F. Madeo, Cell Death Differ., 2010, 17, 763–773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. P. Agostinis, E. Buytaert, H. Breyssens and N. Hendrickx, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2004, 3, 721–729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. A. P. Castano, T. N. Demidova and M. R. Hamblin, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 2005, 2, 1–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. B. Levine and G. Kroemer, Cell, 2008, 132, 27–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. A. D. Garg, D. V. Krysko, A. Kaczmarek, O. Krysko, P. Agostinis and P. Vandenabeele, Autophagy, 2013, 9, 1292–1307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. H. Maes, N. Rubio, A. D. Garg and P. Agostinis, Trends Mol. Med., 2013, 9, 428–446.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. D. J. Puleston and A. K. Simon, Immunology, 2014, 141, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. J. Morgan and A. R. Oseroff, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 2001, 49, 71–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. S. Wu, F. Zhou, Y. Wei, W. Chen, Q. Chen and D. Xing, Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 2014, 20, 733–746.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. T. Panaretakis, O. Kepp, U. Brockmeier, A. Tesniere, A. C. Bjorklund, D. C. Chapman, M. Durchschlag, N. Joza, G. Pierron, P. van Endert, J. Yuan, L. Zitvogel, F. Madeo, D. B. Williams and G. Kroemer, EMBO J., 2009, 28, 578–590.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. G. Kroemer, L. Galluzzi, O. Kepp and L. Zitvogel, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2013, 31, 51–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. H. Pelicano, D. Carney and P. Huang, Drug Resist. Updat., 2004, 7, 97–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. J. Boonstra and J. A. Post, Gene, 2004, 337, 1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. F. Q. Schafer and G. R. Buettner, Free Radicals Biol. Med., 2001, 30, 1191–1212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. T. P. Szatrowski and C. F. Nathan, Cancer Res., 1991, 51, 794–798.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. D. Trachootham, J. Alexandre and P. Huang, Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery, 2009, 8, 579–591.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Q. Chen, M. G. Espey, A. Y. Sun, C. Pooput, K. L. Kirk, M. C. Krishna, D. B. Khosh, J. Drisko and M. Levine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2008, 105, 11105–11109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Q. Chen, M. G. Espey, M. C. Krishna, J. B. Mitchell, C. P. Corpe, G. R. Buettner, E. Shacter and M. Levine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2005, 102, 13604–13609.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. F. F. Sperandio, S. K. Sharma, M. Wang, S. Jeon, Y.-Y. Huang, T. Dai, S. Nayka, S. C. O. M. de Sousa, L. Y. Chiang and M. R. Hamblin, Nanomed. Nanotech. Biol. Med., 2013, 9, 570–579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. S. G. Kimani, J. B. Phillips, J. I. Bruce, A. J. MacRobert and J. P. Golding, Photochem. Photobiol., 2012, 88, 175–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. A. Ferrario, A. M. Fisher, N. Rucker and C. J. Gomer, Cancer Res., 2005, 65, 9473–9478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. E. H. Harvey, J. Webber, D. Kessel and D. Fromm, Am. J. Surg., 2005, 189, 302–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. E. R. Gomes, R. D. Almeida, A. P. Carvalho, C. B. Duarte and P. Carvalho, Photochem. Photobiol., 2002, 76, 423–430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. D. Nowis, M. Legat, T. Grzela, J. Niderla, E. Wilczek, G. M. Wilczynski, E. Głodkowska, P. Mrówka, T. Issat, J. Dulak, A. Józkowicz, H. Waś, M. Adamek, A. Wrzosek, S. Nazarewski, M. Makowski, T. Stokłosa, M. Jakóbisiak and J. Gołab, Oncogene, 2006, 25, 3365–3374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. J. Frank, M. R. Lornejad-Schäfer, H. Schöffl, A. Flaccus, C. Lambert and H. K. Biesalski, Int. J. Cancer, 2007, 31, 1539–1545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. A. Ferrario and C. J. Gomer, Cancer Lett., 2010, 289, 188–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. A. D. Garg, D. Nowis, J. Golab, P. Vandenabeele, D. V. Krysko and P. Agostinis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1805, 53–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. M. Korbelik, J. Sun and I. Cecic, Cancer Res., 2005, 65, 1018–1026.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. A. D. Garg, D. Nowis, J. Golab, P. Vandenabeele, D. V. Krysko and P. Agostini, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2012, 61, 215–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. A. Szokalska, M. Makowski, D. Nowis, G. M. Wilczyński, M. Kujawa, C. Wójcik, I. Młynarczuk-Biały, P. Salwa, J. Bil, S. Janowska, P. Agostinis, T. Verfaillie, M. Bugajski, J. Gietka, T. Issat, E. Głodkowska, P. Mrówka, T. Stokłosa, M. R. Hamblin, P. Mróz and M. Jakóbisiak, J. Gołab, Cancer Res., 2009, 69, 4235–4243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  141. R. Bhuvaneswari, Y. Gan, S. S. Lucky, W. Chin, S. M. Ali, K. C. Soo and M. Olivo, Mol. Cancer, 2008, 7, 56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. M. R. Horsman and J. Winther, Acta Oncol., 1989, 28, 693–697.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. H. Lepor, Rev. Urol., 2008, 10, 254–261.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. M. W. Reed, T. J. Wieman, D. A. Schuschke, M. T. Tseng and F. N. Miller, Radiat. Res., 1989, 119, 542–552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. J. Trachtenberg, R. A. Weersink, S. R. Davidson, M. A. Haider, A. Bogaards, M. R. Gertner, A. Evans, A. Scherz, J. Savard, J. L. Chin, B. C. Wilson and M. Elhilali, Br. J. Urol. Int., 2008, 102, 556–562.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. J. Zilberstein, S. Schreiber, M. C. Bloemers, P. Bendel, M. Neeman, E. Schechtman, F. Kohen, A. Scherz and Y. Salomon, Photochem. Photobiol., 2001, 73, 257–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. B. Chen, B. W. Pogue, P. J. Hoopes and T. Hasan, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys., 2005, 61, 1216–1226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. B. D. Kavanagh, B. E. Coffey, D. Needham, R. M. Hochmuth and M. W. Dewhirst, Br. J. Cancer, 1993, 67, 734–741.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. S. G. Gross, A. Gilead, A. Scherz, M. Neeman and Y. Salomon, Nat. Med., 2003, 9, 1327–1332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. A. Curnow, J. C. Haller and S. G. Bown, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2000, 58, 149–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. B. W. Pogue and T. Hasan, Radiat. Res., 1997, 147, 551–559.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. V. H. Fingar, P. K. Kik, P. S. Haydon, P. B. Cerrito, M. Tseng, E. Abang and T. J. Wieman, Br. J. Cancer, 1999, 79, 1702–1708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. V. H. Fingar and B. W. Henderson, Photochem. Photobiol., 1987, 46, 837–841.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. K. Kurohane, A. Tominaga, K. Sato, J. R. North, Y. Namba and N. Oku, Cancer Lett., 2001, 167, 49–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. N. V. Koudinova, J. H. Pinthus, A. Brandis, O. Brenner, P. Bendel, J. Ramon, Z. Eshhar, A. Scherz and Y. Salomon, Int. J. Cancer, 2003, 104, 782–789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. L. C. Gomes-da-Silva, P. Santos-Rodrigues, A. Cabrita, M. S. Rosa and L. G. Arnaut, submitted.

  157. J. H. Woodhams, A. J. MacRobert, M. Novelli and S. G. Bown, Int. J. Cancer, 2006, 118, 477–482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. S. O. Gollnick, S. S. Evans, H. Baumann, B. Owczarczak, P. Maier, L. Vaughan, W. C. Wang, E. Unger and B. W. Henderson, Br. J. Cancer, 2003, 88, 1772–1779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. I. Cecic, K. Serrano, M. Gyongyossy-Issa and M. Korbelik, Cancer Lett., 2005, 225, 215–223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. S. O. Gollnick, X. Liu, B. Owczarczak, D. A. Musser and B. W. Henderson, Cancer Res., 1997, 57, 3904–3909.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. L. H. Wei, H. Baumann, E. Tracy, Y. Wang, A. Hutson, S. Rose-John and B. W. Henderson, Br. J. Cancer, 2007, 97, 1513–1522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. S. A. Jones, J. Immunol., 2005, 175, 3463–3468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. A. D. Garg, D. V. Krysko, P. Vandenabeele and P. Agostinis, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 670–680.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. A. Jalili, M. Makowski, T. Świtaj, D. Nowis, G. M. Wilczyński, E. Wilczek, M. Chorąży-Massalska, A. Radzikowska, W. Maśliński, Ł. Biały, J. Sieńko, A. Sieroń, M. Adamek, G. Basak, P. Mróz, I. W. Krasnodębski, M. Jakóbisiak and J. Gołąb, Clin. Cancer Res., 2004, 10, 4498–4508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. H. Saji, W. Song, K. Furumoto, H. Kato and E. G. Engleman, Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12, 2568–2574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. M. Korbelik, B. Stott and J. Sun, Br. J. Cancer, 2007, 97, 1381–1387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. M. Korbelik, G. Krosl, J. Krosl and G. J. Dougherty, Cancer Res., 1996, 56, 5647–5652.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. D. Preise, R. Oren, I. Glinert, V. Kalchenko, S. Jung, A. Scherz and Y. Salomon, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2009, 58, 71–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. P. Mroz, A. Szokalska, M. X. Wu and M. R. Hamblin, PLoS One, 2010, 5, e15194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. G. L. Beatty and Y. Paterson, J. Immunol., 2001, 166, 2276–2282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. M. J. Gooden, G. H. de Bock, N. Leffers, T. Daemen and H. W. Nijman, Br. J. Cancer, 2011, 105, 93–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. E. Kabingu, L. Vaughan, B. Owczarczak, K. D. Ramsey and S. O. Gollnick, Br. J. Cancer, 2007, 96, 1839–1848.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. M. J. Bevan, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004, 4, 595–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. M. Wachowska, M. Gabrysiak, A. Muchowicz, W. Bednarek, J. Barankiewicz, T. Rygiel, L. Boon, P. Mroz, M. R. Hamblin and J. Golab, Eur. J. Cancer, 2014, 50, 1370–1381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. A. P. Castano, P. Mroz, M. X. Wu and M. R. Hamblin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2008, 105, 5495–5500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. E. Reginato, P. Mroz, H. Chung, M. Kawakubo, P. Wolf and M. R. Hamblin, Br. J. Cancer, 2013, 109, 2167–2174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  177. J. P. Celli, B. Q. Spring, I. Rizvi, C. L. Evans, K. S. Samkoe, S. Verma, B. W. Pogue and T. Hasan, Chem. Rev., 2010, 110, 2795–2838.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland

    Janusz M. Dabrowski

  2. Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal

    Luis G. Arnaut

  3. Luzitin SA, Ed. Bluepharma, 3045-016, Coimbra, Portugal

    Luis G. Arnaut

Authors
  1. Janusz M. Dabrowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luis G. Arnaut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Janusz M. Dabrowski or Luis G. Arnaut.

Additional information

Part of the data in this paper was presented during the 16th International Congress on Photobiology held in Cordoba, Argentina, in September (8th–12th), 2014.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dabrowski, J.M., Arnaut, L.G. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer: from local to systemic treatment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14, 1765–1780 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00132c

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00132c

Search

Navigation