* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
E-mail: mswong@rice.edu

^b Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, USA

^c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA

^d Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA

^e Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA

^f Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA