Combining rapid microbial discrimination with antibacterial properties, multi-functional biomacromolecules allow the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of infectious diseases. Through a two-step approach involving organocatalytic ring-opening copolymerization and thiol–ene modification, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polycarbonates decorated with tertiary amines were prepared. After being ionized using acetic acid, the obtained cationic AIE polycarbonate with excellent water solubility showed bacteria imaging capabilities and antibacterial activities toward both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli. It was indicated via scanning electron microscope images that the bactericidal mechanism involved membrane lysis, consistent with most cationic polymers. Through further co-grafting carboxyl and tertiary amine groups, mixed-charge AIE polycarbonates were obtained. The isoelectric points of such mixed-charge AIE polycarbonates could be simply tuned based on the grafting ratio of positive and negative moieties. Compared with the cationic AIE polycarbonate, mixed-charge AIE polycarbonates allowed the rapid and selective imaging of S. aureus, but not E. coli. The selectivity probably arose from the lower binding forces between the mixed-charge AIE polycarbonates and the low-negative-charge components of the E. coli surface. Therefore, these biodegradable polycarbonates, which integrated selective bacteria imaging and antibiotic abilities, potentially suggest a precision medicine approach for infectious diseases. The overall synthesis approach and mixed-charge AIE polycarbonates provide new references for the design and application of bio-related AIE polymers.