Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated enzymatic assays for measuring the concentration of ammonia and ethanol in sweat

Sung Bong Kim; Jahyun Koo; Jangryeol Yoon; Aurélie Hourlier-Fargette; Boram Lee; Shulin Chen; Seongbin Jo; Jungil Choi; Yong Suk Oh; Geumbee Lee; Sang Min Won; Alexander J. Aranyosi; Stephen P. Lee; Jeffrey B. Model; Paul V. Braun; Roozbeh Ghaffari; Chulwhan Park; John A. Rogers

doi:10.1039/C9LC01045A

Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated enzymatic assays for measuring the concentration of ammonia and ethanol in sweat†

Sung Bong Kim,

‡^ab Jahyun Koo,‡^bc Jangryeol Yoon,‡^ad Aurélie Hourlier-Fargette,

^bce Boram Lee,^f Shulin Chen,^b Seongbin Jo,^a Jungil Choi,

^g Yong Suk Oh,^b Geumbee Lee,^bc Sang Min Won,^ab Alexander J. Aranyosi,

^b Stephen P. Lee,^b Jeffrey B. Model,^b Paul V. Braun,

^a Roozbeh Ghaffari,^bh Chulwhan Parkⁱ and John A. Rogers*^bchj

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA

^b Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
E-mail: jrogers@northwestern.edu

^c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

^d Advanced Research Team, R&D Center, Samsung Display, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17113, South Korea

^e Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France

^f Department of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea

^g School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea

^h Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

ⁱ Dept. of Chem. Eng., Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea

^j Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/Biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

Abstract

Eccrine sweat is a rich and largely unexplored biofluid that contains a range of important biomarkers, from electrolytes, metabolites, micronutrients and hormones to exogenous agents, each of which can change in concentration with diet, stress level, hydration status and physiologic or metabolic state. Traditionally, clinicians and researchers have used absorbent pads and benchtop analyzers to collect and analyze the biochemical constituents of sweat in controlled, laboratory settings. Recently reported wearable microfluidic and electrochemical sensing devices represent significant advances in this context, with capabilities for rapid, in situ evaluations, in many cases with improved repeatability and accuracy. A limitation is that assays performed in these platforms offer limited control of reaction kinetics and mixing of different reagents and samples. Here, we present a multi-layered microfluidic device platform with designs that eliminate these constraints, to enable integrated enzymatic assays with demonstrations of in situ analysis of the concentrations of ammonia and ethanol in microliter volumes of sweat. Careful characterization of the reaction kinetics and their optimization using statistical techniques yield robust analysis protocols. Human subject studies with sweat initiated by warm-water bathing highlight the operational features of these systems.

This article is part of the themed collection: Wearable and Implantable Sensors

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Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated enzymatic assays for measuring the concentration of ammonia and ethanol in sweat†

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Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated enzymatic assays for measuring the concentration of ammonia and ethanol in sweat

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