Semin Plast Surg 2013; 27(01): 013-018
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1343990
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Preventive Care and Evaluation of the Adolescent with a Breast Mass

Yasmin Jayasinghe
1   Department of Gynaecology, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
23 May 2013 (online)

Abstract

Adolescents have little knowledge of preventive breast care or breast screening, yet exposures in youth influence the risk of future breast disease.Nipple piercing increases the risk of trauma and breast infection. Alcohol consumption, smoking, nutrition, obesity, reproductive factors, previous cancer and chest radiotherapy, family history of breast cancer or genetic mutation increase the risk of breast cancer. Breast cancer is rare in adolescents and currently genetic testing is not recommended in those under 18 years, as medical surveillance is not usually recommended until around 25 years. Screening measures include clinical breast exam every 1 to 3 years, and breast self-awareness in healthy women from 20 years; and at least annual breast self examination, with annual clinical breast examination, mammography and magnetic resonance imaging in high-risk patients from 25 years. Breast ultrasound is used in diagnostic evaluation of breast masses in adolescents as mammography is less sensitive in young women.

 
  • References

  • 1 Byrne C, Webb PM, Jacobs TW , et al. Alcohol consumption and incidence of benign breast disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11 (11) 1369-1374
  • 2 Quaranta A, Napoli C, Fasano F, Montagna C, Caggiano G, Montagna MT. Body piercing and tattoos: a survey on young adults' knowledge of the risks and practices in body art. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 774-782
  • 3 Colditz GA, Frazier AL. Models of breast cancer show that risk is set by events of early life: prevention efforts must shift focus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995; 4 (5) 567-571
  • 4 Jayasinghe Y, Simmons P. Disorders of the young breast. In: Altchek A, Deligdisch L, , eds. Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adult Gynecology. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. : 256-264
  • 5 Simmons P, Wold L. Surgically treated breast disease in adolescent females: a retrospective review of 185 cases. Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol 1989; 2: 95-98
  • 6 Simmons PS, Jayasinghe YL, Wold LE, Melton III LJ. Breast carcinoma in young women. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118 (3) 529-536
  • 7 American Cancer Society. Breast cancer facts & figures: 2011–2012. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society;
  • 8 Early J, Armstrong SN, Burke S, Thompson DL. US female college students' breast health knowledge, attitudes, and determinants of screening practices: new implications for health education. J Am Coll Health 2011; 59 (7) 640-647
  • 9 Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH , et al. Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353 (3) 229-237
  • 10 Sangaramoorthy M, Phipps AI, Horn-Ross PL, Koo J, John EM. Early-life factors and breast cancer risk in Hispanic women: the role of adolescent body size. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20 (12) 2572-2582
  • 11 Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996; 347 (9017) 1713-1727
  • 12 Kahlenborn C, Modugno FS, Potter DM, Severs WB. Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81 (10) 1290-1302
  • 13 Al-Delaimy WK, Cho E, Chen WY, Colditz G, Willet WC. A prospective study of smoking and risk of breast cancer in young adult women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13 (3) 398-404
  • 14 Cavalieri E, Frenkel K, Liehr JG, Rogan E, Roy D. Estrogens as endogenous genotoxic agents—DNA adducts and mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2000; 27 (27) 75-93
  • 15 Gollapalli V, Liao J, Dudakovic A, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ. Risk factors for development and recurrence of primary breast abscesses. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211 (1) 41-48
  • 16 Garland M, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA , et al. Alcohol consumption in relation to breast cancer risk in a cohort of United States women 25-42 years of age. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8 (11) 1017-1021
  • 17 Berkey CS, Tamimi RM, Rosner B, Frazier AL, Colditz GA. Young women with family history of breast cancer and their risk factors for benign breast disease. Cancer 2012; 118 (11) 2796-2803
  • 18 Chen P, Hu P, Xie D, Qin Y, Wang F, Wang H. Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 121 (2) 469-477
  • 19 Su X, Colditz GA, Collins LC , et al. Adolescent intakes of vitamin D and calcium and incidence of proliferative benign breast disease. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134 (2) 783-791
  • 20 White KK, Park SY, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Wilkens LR. Body size and breast cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort. Int J Cancer 2012; 131 (5) E705-E716
  • 21 Friedenreich CM, Cust AE. Physical activity and breast cancer risk: impact of timing, type and dose of activity and population subgroup effects. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42 (8) 636-647
  • 22 Linos E, Willett WC, Cho E, Frazier L. Adolescent diet in relation to breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19 (3) 689-696
  • 23 Bardia A, Vachon CM, Olson JE , et al. Relative weight at age 12 and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17 (2) 374-378
  • 24 Kenney LB, Yasui Y, Inskip PD , et al. Breast cancer after childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141 (8) 590-597
  • 25 King MC, Marks JH, Mandell JB. New York Breast Cancer Study Group. Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science 2003; 302 (5645) 643-646
  • 26 Herman JD, Appelbaum H. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and issues in pediatric and adolescent practice. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23 (4) 253-258
  • 27 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins–Gynecology; ACOG Committee on Genetics; Society of Gynecologic Oncologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 103: hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113 (4) 957-966
  • 28 Walsh T, Casadei S, Coats KH , et al. Spectrum of mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, and TP53 in families at high risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2006; 295 (12) 1379-1388
  • 29 Whittemore AS, Gong G, Itnyre J. Prevalence and contribution of BRCA1 mutations in breast cancer and ovarian cancer: results from three U.S. population-based case-control studies of ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60 (3) 496-504
  • 30 Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S , et al. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med 1997; 336 (20) 1401-1408
  • 31 Malone KE, Daling JR, Doody DR , et al. Prevalence and predictors of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based study of breast cancer in white and black American women ages 35 to 64 years. Cancer Res 2006; 66 (16) 8297-8308
  • 32 Bonadona V, Sinilnikova OM, Chopin S , et al. Contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ-line mutations to the incidence of breast cancer in young women: results from a prospective population-based study in France. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 43 (4) 404-413
  • 33 Turnbull C, Rahman N. Genetic predisposition to breast cancer: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008; 9: 321-345
  • 34 Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S , et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72 (5) 1117-1130
  • 35 Ford D, Easton DF, Stratton M , et al; The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62 (3) 676-689
  • 36 Iodice S, Barile M, Rotmensz N , et al. Oral contraceptive use and breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46 (12) 2275-2284
  • 37 Narod SA, Dubé MP, Klijn J , et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94 (23) 1773-1779
  • 38 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Genetic risk assessment and BRCA mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143 (5) 355-361
  • 39 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practive Guidelines in Oncology. Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian Version 1. Fort Washington, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2012
  • 40 American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement update: genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21 (12) 2397-2406
  • 41 American Medical Association. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs: testing children for genetic status. CEJA Report 4–A-95. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 1995
  • 42 The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, Version 1. Fort Washington, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2012
  • 43 Magnusson S, Borg A, Kristoffersson U, Nilbert M, Wiebe T, Olsson H. Higher occurrence of childhood cancer in families with germline mutations in BRCA2, MMR and CDKN2A genes. Fam Cancer 2008; 7 (4) 331-337
  • 44 Howlett NG, Taniguchi T, Olson S , et al. Biallelic inactivation of BRCA2 in Fanconi anemia. Science 2002; 297 (5581) 606-609
  • 45 Bradbury AR, Patrick-Miller L, Egleston BL , et al. When parents disclose BRCA1/2 test results: their communication and perceptions of offspring response. Cancer 2012; 118 (13) 3417-3425
  • 46 Elger BS, Harding TW. Testing adolescents for a hereditary breast cancer gene (BRCA1): respecting their autonomy is in their best interest. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154 (2) 113-119
  • 47 Bradbury AR, Patrick-Miller L, Egleston B , et al. Parent opinions regarding the genetic testing of minors for BRCA1/2. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28 (21) 3498-3505
  • 48 Bradbury AR, Patrick-Miller L, Pawlowski K , et al. Should genetic testing for BRCA1/2 be permitted for minors? Opinions of BRCA mutation carriers and their adult offspring. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2008; 148C (1) 70-77
  • 49 van der Meer LB, van Duijn E, Wolterbeek R, Tibben A. Adverse childhood experiences of persons at risk for Huntington's disease or BRCA1/2 hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. Clin Genet 2012; 81 (1) 18-23
  • 50 Tercyak KP, Peshkin BN, Streisand R, Lerman C. Psychological issues among children of hereditary breast cancer gene (BRCA1/2) testing participants. Psychooncology 2001; 10 (4) 336-346
  • 51 American College of Obstetricians-Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 122: breast cancer screening. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118 (2 Pt 1) 372-382
  • 52 Thomas DB, Gao DL, Ray RM , et al. Randomized trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai: final results. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94 (19) 1445-1457
  • 53 Semiglazov VF, Sagaidak VN, Moiseyenko VM, Mikhailov EA. Study of the role of breast self-examination in the reduction of mortality from breast cancer. The Russian Federation/World Health Organization Study. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A (14) 2039-2046
  • 54 Kösters JP, Gøtzsche PC. Regular self-examination or clinical examination for early detection of breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (2) CD003373
  • 55 Bobo JK, Lee NC, Thames SF. Findings from 752,081 clinical breast examinations reported to a national screening program from 1995 through 1998. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92 (12) 971-976
  • 56 Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan BK, Humphrey L. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151 (10) 727-737 , W237-42
  • 57 Pisano ED, Gatsonis C, Hendrick E , et al; Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) Investigators Group. Diagnostic performance of digital versus film mammography for breast-cancer screening. [published erratum in N Engl J Med 2006;355:1840] N Engl J Med 2005; 353 (17) 1773-1783
  • 58 National Cancer Institute.. Breast cancer risk assessment tool. Available at www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool . Accessed September 12, 2012
  • 59 Sardanelli F, Podo F, Santoro F , et al; High Breast Cancer Risk Italian 1 (HIBCRIT-1) Study. Multicenter surveillance of women at high genetic breast cancer risk using mammography, ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (the high breast cancer risk italian 1 study): final results. Invest Radiol 2011; 46 (2) 94-105
  • 60 Warner E, Plewes DB, Hill KA , et al. Surveillance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, mammography, and clinical breast examination. JAMA 2004; 292 (11) 1317-1325
  • 61 Jayasinghe Y, Simmons P. Breast disorders in the female. In: Fisher M, Alderman E, Kreipe R, Rosenfeld W, , eds. AAP Textbook of Adolescent Health-Care. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2011: 621-634
  • 62 Peters NH, Borel Rinkes IH, Zuithoff NP, Mali WP, Moons KG, Peeters PH. Meta-analysis of MR imaging in the diagnosis of breast lesions. Radiology 2008; 246 (1) 116-124
  • 63 Laumann AE, Derick AJ. Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: a national data set. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55 (3) 413-421
  • 64 Mayers LB, Chiffriller SH. Body art (body piercing and tattooing) among undergraduate university students: “then and now”. J Adolesc Health 2008; 42 (2) 201-203
  • 65 Holbrook J, Minocha J, Laumann A. Body piercing: complications and prevention of health risks. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012; 13 (1) 1-17
  • 66 Armstrong ML, Caliendo C, Roberts AE. Pregnancy, lactation and nipple piercings. AWHONN Lifelines 2006; 10 (3) 212-217
  • 67 Modest GA, Fangman JJ. Nipple piercing and hyperprolactinemia. [letter] N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (20) 1626-1627
  • 68 Jacobs VR, Golombeck K, Jonat W, Kiechle M. Mastitis nonpuerperalis after nipple piercing: time to act. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2003; 48 (5) 226-231
  • 69 Armstrong ML, DeBoer S, Cetta F. Infective endocarditis after body art: a review of the literature and concerns. J Adolesc Health 2008; 43 (3) 217-225