Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2020; 14(03): 342-351
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712071
Original Article

3D Analysis of Facial Morphology of a Colombian Population Compared to Adult Caucasians

Sonia Bravo-Hammett
1   Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama Birmingham, United States
,
Ludovica Nucci
1   Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama Birmingham, United States
,
Teti Christou
1   Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama Birmingham, United States
,
Juan Fernando Aristizabal
2   Universidad Del Valle, San Dernando, Cali, Colombia
,
Chung How Kau 
1   Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama Birmingham, United States
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study involves describing the facial morphology of a Colombian population with three-dimensional (3D) imaging, and comparing their facial morphology with the Caucasian to create a database for this ethnicity.

Materials and Methods: The study, which included 135 subjects selected from the Valle University in Cali, Colombia, and 535 Caucasian subjects selected from the FaceBase–Data (1U01DE024449–01), was funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. All images were taken in the natural head position (NHP) and captured using a stereo-photogrammetric camera system (3dMDface) to obtain a 3D image of each patient. The subjects were between 19 to 31 years of age, with a normal body mass index (BMI), and no craniofacial deformities. All images were plotted and analyzed using the 3dMDVultus software to calculate linear and angular measurements. Standard deviation (SD) and means were calculated for each measurement and analyzed using t-test for different samples.

Results: The Hispanic population had wider eyes, more protruded upper and lower lips, wider face, and greater mandibular width. Caucasian females had a more acute full profile, larger middle third, and less protrusive lips. Understanding the facial morphology of different populations would help to establish a better diagnosis and treatment planning for each ethnicity.

Conclusions: From this study, the following conclusions may be drawn:

1. The mean values of Colombian males showed greater measurements than females in the majority of measurements.

2. Caucasian females had a more acute full profile, larger middle and lower third, and less protrusive lips.

3. This study showed significant ethnic differences in the linear and angular measurements, showing us the importance of considering these findings in the diagnosis and treatment planning when a Hispanic population is involved. Soft tissue values should reflect the norms according to each ethnic population in order to achieve treatment goals.

Keywords

3D - facial morphology - 3dMD - Colombian face - Hispanic soft tissue.


Publication History

Article published online:
24 May 2020

© .

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
A-12, Second Floor, Sector -2, NOIDA -201301, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Mah J, Sachdeva R. Computer-assisted orthodontic treatment: the SureSmile process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120 (01) 85-87
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Kau CH, Hunter LM, Hingston EJ. A different look: 3-dimensional facial imaging of a child with Binder syndrome. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132 (05) 704-709
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Palomo JM, Kau CH, Palomo LB, Hans MG. Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in dentistry. Dent Today 2006; 25 (11) 130-132–135
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Kau CH. Creation of the virtual patient for the study of facial morphology. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2011; 19 (04) 615-622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Creed B, Kau CH, English JD, Xia JJ, Lee RP. A comparison of the accuracy of linear measurements obtained from cone beam computerized tomography images and digital models. Semin Orthod 2011; 17 (01) 49-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Torassian G, Kau CH, English JD. et al. Digital models vs plaster models using alginate and alginate substitute materials. Angle Orthod 2010; 80 (04) 474-481
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Ireland AJ, McNamara C, Clover MJ. et al. 3D surface imaging in dentistry - what we are looking at. Br Dent J 2008; 205 (07) 387-392
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Lightheart KG, English JD, Kau CH. et al. Surface analysis of study models generated from OrthoCAD and cone-beam computed tomography imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 141 (06) 686-693
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Kau CH, Cronin AJ, Richmond S. A three-dimensional evaluation of postoperative swelling following orthognathic surgery at 6 months. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119 (07) 2192-2199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Bo Ic M, Kau CH, Richmond S. et al. Facial morphology of Slovenian and Welsh white populations using 3-dimensional imaging. Angle Orthod 2009; 79 (04) 640-645
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Hajeer MY, Ayoub AF, Millett DT. Three-dimensional assessment of facial soft-tissue asymmetry before and after orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 42 (05) 396-404
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Gor T, Kau CH, English JD, Lee RP, Borbely P. Three-dimensional comparison of facial morphology in white populations in Budapest, Hungary, and Houston, Texas. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137 (03) 424-432
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Marmulla R, Hassfeld S, Lüth T, Mende U, Mühling J. Soft tissue scanning for patient registration in image-guided surgery. Comput Aided Surg 2003; 8 (02) 70-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Kau CH, Kamel SG, Wilson J, Wong ME. New method for analysis of facial growth in a pediatric reconstructed mandible. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139 (04) e285-e290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Wirthlin J, Kau CH, English JD, Pan F, Zhou H. Comparison of facial morphologies between adult Chinese and Houstonian Caucasian populations using three-dimensional imaging. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 42 (09) 1100-1107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Ackerman JL, Proffit WR, Sarver DM. The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res 1999; 2 (02) 49-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Weinberg SM. 3D stereophotogrammetry versus traditional craniofacial anthropometry: Comparing measurements from the 3D facial norms database to Farkas’s North American norms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 155 (05) 693-701
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Tolleson SR, Kau CH, Lee RP. et al. 3-D analysis of facial asymmetry in children with hip dysplasia. Angle Orthod 2010; 80 (04) 519-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Kim JY, Kau CH, Christou T, Ovsenik M, Guk Park Y. Three-dimensional analysis of normal facial morphologies of Asians and Whites: a novel method of quantitative analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2016; 4 (09) e865
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Kau CH, Wang J, Davis M. A cross-sectional study to understand 3d facial differences in a population of African Americans and Caucasians. Eur J Dent 2019; 13 (04) 485-496
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Talbert L, Kau CH, Christou T, Vlachos C, Souccar N. A 3D analysis of Caucasian and African American facial morphologies in a US population. J Orthod 2014; 41 (01) 19-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov A. et al. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137 (04) (Suppl) 56.e1-56.e9, discussion S56–S57
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Liu Y, Kau CH, Pan F, Zhou H, Zhang Q, Zacharopoulos GV. A 3-dimensional anthropometric evaluation of facial morphology among Chinese and Greek population. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24 (04) e353-e358
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Kau CH, Richmond S. Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134 (06) 751-760
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kau CH, Richmond S, Incrapera A, English J, Xia JJ. Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery. Int J Med Robot 2007; 3 (02) 97-110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 CanavatiP. Cephalometric Standards for Four and Five Year Old Latin American Children [unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Texas; 1967
  • 27 KennedyP. Cephalometric Standards of Four, Five Six, and Seven Year Old Latin American Children [unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Texas, Austin, Texas;1969
  • 28 Garcia CJ. Cephalometric evaluation of Mexican Americans using the Downs and Steiner analyses. Am J Orthod 1975; 68 (01) 67-74
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Swlerenga D, Oesterle LJ, Messersmith ML. Cephalometric values for adult Mexican-Americans. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994; 106 (02) 146-155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Vela E, Taylor RW, Campbell PM, Buschang PH. Differences in craniofacial and dental characteristics of adolescent Mexican Americans and European Americans. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140 (06) 839-847
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Weber DW, Fallis DW, Packer MD. Three-dimensional reproducibility of natural head position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 143 (05) 738-744
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Lübbers HT, Medinger L, Kruse A, Grätz KW, Matthews F. Precision and accuracy of the 3dMD photogrammetric system in craniomaxillofacial application. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21 (03) 763-767
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 ZhurovAI KC, RichmondS. Computer methods for measuring 3D facial morphology. In: Proceedings of CMBBE2004. Middleton J, Shrive MG, Jones ML, eds., First Numerics Ltd.:2014
  • 34 Liu Y, Kau CH, Talbert L, Pan F. Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25 (05) 1890-1894
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Gonzalez MB, Caruso JM, Sugiyama RM, Schlenker WL. Establishing cephalometric norms for a Mexican population using Ricketts, Steiner, Tweed and Arnett analyses. APOS Trends Orthod 2013; 3: 171-177
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 36 VelardeE. Norms for the Mexican Population using the Tweed, Steiner and Ricketts Analysis. [unpublished master’s thesis]. Loma Linda University, California, USA; 1974
  • 37 Fouda M. Sexual demorphism of cephalometric norms. Al Azhar Dent J 1987; 2: 563e76
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Hafez S. Soft tissue facial profile changes from 11 to 22 years of age for Egyptian males. Egypt Dent J 2003; 49: 807-826
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Anic-Milosevic S, Mestrovic S, Prlić A, Slaj M. Proportions in the upper lip-lower lip-chin area of the lower face as determined by photogrammetric method. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2010; 38 (02) 90-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 N. Powell N BH. Proportions of the aesthetic face. New York: Thieme-Stratton 1984
  • 41 Farkas LG, Hreczko TA, Kolar JC, Munro IR. LG. Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985; 75 (03) 328-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Sim RST, Smith JD, Chan AS. Comparison of the aesthetic facial proportions of southern Chinese and white women. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2000; 2 (02) 113-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Kochel J. et al. Sagittal parameters of 3D soft tissue analysis. J Orofac Orthop 2010; (01) 40-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar