Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inhibition of the pre- and postinfection processes of Plasmopara viticola on Vitis vinifera leaves by one protectant and four systemic fungicides

  • Published:
Australasian Plant Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

One protectant (mancozeb) and four systemic (mefenoxam, fosetyl-Al, azoxystrobin and dimethomorph) fungicides provided varying levels of activity against Plasmopara viticola at different stages during the pre- and postinfection processes of the pathogen on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaves. Azoxystrobin and fosetyl-Al produced the strongest inhibition, with inhibitory effects (compared with the control) evident at all stages of the asexual phase of the life cycle assessed. Mancozeb had the strongest protectant activity and mefenoxam was the most inhibitive as a curative [applied at 4 days after inoculation (dai)] and as an antisporulant (applied at 4 dai and 7 dai). Zoospore motility was the most sensitive of the stages to fungicides in in vitro tests, while the production of sporangia following treatments at 4 dai was the most sensitive during the in vivo phases. The performance of fosetyl-Al and azoxystrobin on the parasitic and reproductive phases of the pathogen was outstanding, especially in the treatment involving application at 7 dai. Fosetyl-Al and azoxystrobin reduced viability of sporangia, with <20% of sporangia germinating at all rates for these two fungicides. Both fungicides significantly decreased zoospore release at all rates tested. Fosetyl-Al provided the most inhibitive effect on sporangial germination, with <1% of sporangia germinating at 2.8 g a.i./L. When azoxystrobin was applied at 7 dai, less than 40% of the leaf surface area showed sporulation. For both fosetyl-Al and azoxystrobin, the total number of sporangia produced was significantly reduced by >93% for the two higher rates of these fungicides. We believe our study to be the first to identify that the specific germination and infection phases of P. viticola, such as encysted zoospores, zoospore germination and germ tube growth, are differentially responsive to the major classes of fungicides available for use against this pathogen.Asa relatively inexpensive and non-toxic chemical, fosetyl-Al, a phosphonate, has significant potential to become an effective management tool against grapevine downy mildew.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albert G, Heinen H (1996) Howdoes dimethomorph kill fungal cells? — a time lapse video study with Phytophthora infestans. In ‘Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds’. (Eds H Lyr, PE Russell, HD Sisler) pp. 141–146. (Intercept Limited: Hants, Germany)

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert G, Thomas A, Guehne M (1991) Fungicidal activity of dimethomorph on different stages in the life cycle of Phytophthora infestans and Plasmopara viticola. In ‘Proceedings of the 3rd ANPP International Conference on Plant Diseases, Bordeaux, France’. pp. 887–894.

  • Becker WF, Von Jagow G, Anke T, Steglich W (1981) Oudemansin, strobilurin A, strobilurin B and myxothiazol: new inhibitors of the bc1 segment of the respiratory chain with an E-β-methoxyacrylate system as common structural element. FEBS Letters 132, 329–333. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)81190-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat RG, McBlain BA, Schmitthenner AF (1993) The inheritance of resistance to metalaxyl and to fluorophenylalanine in matings of homothallic Phytophthora sojae. Mycological Research 97, 865–870.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey MD, Joseph MC (1985) Effects of phosphorous acid and fosetyl-Al on the life cycle of Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. citricola. Phytopathology 75, 1042–1046.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen YR, Baider A, Cohen BH (1995) Dimethomorph activity against oomycete fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathology 85, 1500–1506. doi: 10.1094/Phyto-85-1500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coombe BG (1995) Grape phenology. In ‘Viticulture: resources’. (Eds BG Coombe, PR Dry) pp. 139–153. (Winetitles: Adelaide, SA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidse LC (1988) Phenylamide fungicides: mechanism of action and resistance. In ‘Fungicide resistance in North America’. (Ed. CJ Delp) pp. 63–73. (The American Phytopathological Society: St Paul, MN)

    Google Scholar 

  • di Rago JP, Copp’ee JY, Colson AM (1989) Molecular basis for resistance to myxothiazol, mucidin (strobilurin A) and stigmatellin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, 14543–14548.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmett RW, Harris AR, Taylor RH, McGechan JK (2004) Grape diseases and vineyard protection. In ‘Viticulture. Vol. 2. Practices’. (Eds BG Coombe, PR Dry) pp. 232–278. (Winetitles: Adelaide, SA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Farih A, Tsao PH, Menge JA (1981) Fungitoxic activity of efosite aluminium on growth, sporulation and germination of Phytophthora parasitica and P. citrophthora. Phytopathology 71, 934–936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn ME, Coffey MD (1984) Studies on the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of fosetyl-Al and phosphorous acid. Phytopathology 74, 606–611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gisi U (2002) Chemical control of downy mildews. In ‘Advances in downy mildew research’. (Eds PTN Spencer-Phillips, U Gisi, A Lebeda) pp. 119–159. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, Netherlands)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gisi U, Schwinn FJ (1976) Die Eignung von vitalfarbstoffen und optischen aufhellern zur fluoreszenzmikroskopischen beobachtung von Phytophthora cactorum Schroet in vitro und im boden. Microscopica Acta 77, 402–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory PH (1983) Some major epidemics caused by Phytophthora. In ‘Phytophthora: its biology, taxonomy, ecology and pathology’. (Eds DC Erwin, S Bartnicki-Garcia, PH Tsao) pp. 271–278. (American Phytopathological Society: St Paul, MN)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guest D, Grant B (1991) The complex action of phosphonates as antifungal agents. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 66, 159–187. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01139.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guest DI, Bompeix G (1990) The complex mode of action of phosphonates. Australasian Plant Pathology 19, 113–115. doi: 10.1071/APP9900113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hed B, Travis JW (2003) Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew and Phomopsis cane and leaf spot of grapes, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58, SMF005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennelly MM, Gadoury DM, Wilcox WF, Seem RC (2007) Vapor activity and systemic movement of mefenoxam control grapevine downy mildew. Plant Disease 91, 1260–1264. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-91-10-1260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerkenaar A (1981) On the antifungal mode of action of metalaxyl, an inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis in Pythium splendens. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 16, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/0048-3575(81) 90066-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer B, Riemann M, Büche C, Kassemeyer H, Nick P (2002) The host guides morphogenesis and stomatal targeting in the grapevine pathogen Plasmopara viticola. Planta 215, 387–398. doi: 10.1007/s00425-002-0760-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killigrew BX, Sivasithamparam K, Scott ES (2002) Sporangial and oospore production by Plasmopara viticola varies with leaf age. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Powdery and Downy Mildew in Grapevine, Napa, California, USA’. (Eds DM Gadoury, C Gessler, G Grove, WD Gubler, GK Hill, HH Kessemeyer, WK Kast, J Rumbolz, ES Scott) p. 22. (University of California: Davis)

    Google Scholar 

  • Killigrew BX, Sivasithamparam K, Scott ES (2005) Absence of oospores of downy mildew of grape (Plasmopara viticola) as the source of primary inoculum in most Western Australian vineyards. Plant Disease 89, 777. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0777C

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn PJ, Pitt D, Lee SA, Wakley G, Sheppard AN (1991) Effects of dimethomorph on the morphology and ultrastructure of Phytophthora. Mycological Research 95, 333–340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafon R, Bulit J (1981) Downy mildew of the vine. In ‘The downy mildews’. (Ed. DM Spencer) pp. 601–614. (Academic Press: London)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafon R, Clerjeau M (1998) Downy mildew. In ‘Compendium of grape diseases’. (Eds RC Pearson, AC Austin) pp. 11–13. (The American Phytopathological Society: St Paul, MN)

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheron ME, Porchas M (2000) Impact of azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, fluazinam, fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl on growth, sporulation and zoospore cyst germination of three Phytophthora spp. Plant Disease 84, 454–458. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKirdy SJ, Riley IT, Cameron IJ, Magarey PA (1999) First report of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in commercial viticulture in Western Australia. Plant Disease 83, 301. doi: 10.1094/ PDIS.1999.83.3.301D

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuveni M, Reuveni R (1995) Efficacy of foliar sprays of phosphonates in controlling powdery mildews in field-grown nectarine, mango trees and grapevines. Crop Protection (Guildford, Surrey) 14, 311–314. doi: 10.1016/0261-2194(94)00009-W

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schilder AMC, Gillett JM, Sysak RW (2002) Evaluation of fungicides for control of downymildew in grapes, 2001. Fungicideand Nematicide Tests 57, SMF14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilder AMC, Gillett JM, Sysak RW (2003) Evaluation of fungicides for control of foliar and fruit diseases in grapes, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58, SMF040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwinn F, Staub T (1995) Oomycete fungicides. In ‘Modern selective fungicides: properties, applications, mechanisms of action’. (Ed. H Lyr) pp. 323–346. (Gustav Fischer Verlag: New York)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smillie R, Grant BR, Guest DI (1989) The mode of action of phosphite: evidence for both direct and indirect modes of action on three Phytophthora spp. in plants. Phytopathology 79, 921–926. doi: 10.1094/Phyto-79-921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staub T, Dahmen H, Urech PA, Schwinn F (1979) Failure to select for in vivo resistance in Phytophthora infestans to acylalanine fungicides. Plant Disease Reporter 63, 385–389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viranyi F, Oros G (1991) Developmental stage response to fungicides of Plasmopara halstedii (sunflower downy mildew). Mycological Research 95, 199–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wicks T, Lee TC (1982) Evaluation of fungicides applied after infection for control of Plasmopara viticola on grapevine. Plant Disease 66, 839–841.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wicks TJ, Magarey PA, Wachtel MF, Frensham AB (1991) Effect of postinfection applications of phosphorous (phosphonic) acid on the incidence and sporulation of Plasmopara viticola on grapevine. Plant Disease 75, 40–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox WF, Riegel DG (2002) Evaluation of fungicide programs for control of downy mildew of grapes, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57, SMF19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox WF, Riegel DG (2003) Evaluation of fungicide programs for control of downy mildew of grapes, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58, SMF011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox WF, Riegel DG (2004) Effect of fungicide programs for control of downy mildew of grapes, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59, SMF008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox WF, Riegel DG (2005) Evaluation of fungicide programs for control of downy mildew of grapes, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60, SMF032.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams MG (2005) Impact of environmental conditions on the infection behaviour of Western Australian strains of Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew in grapevines. PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, Perth. 169 pp.

  • Wong FP, Wilcox WF (2000) Distribution of baseline sensitivities to azoxystrobin among isolates of Plasmopara viticola. Plant Disease 84, 275–281. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young JE, Saunders JA, Hart CA, Godwin JR (2002) Effects of azoxystrobin on infection development of Plasmopara viticola. In ‘Advances in downy mildew research’. (Eds PTN Spencer-Phillips, U Gisi, A Lebeda) pp. 201–205. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, Netherlands)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. R. S. Underdown

    Present address: AHA Viticulture Pty Ltd, PO Box 215, 6281, Dunsborough, WA, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia

    R. S. Underdown & K. Sivasithamparam

  2. School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia

    M. J. Barbetti

Authors
  1. R. S. Underdown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Sivasithamparam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. J. Barbetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Underdown, R.S., Sivasithamparam, K. & Barbetti, M.J. Inhibition of the pre- and postinfection processes of Plasmopara viticola on Vitis vinifera leaves by one protectant and four systemic fungicides. Australasian Plant Pathology 37, 335–343 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1071/AP08031

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AP08031

Additional keywords

Search

Navigation