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Australian Systematic Botany Australian Systematic Botany Society
Taxonomy, biogeography and evolution of plants
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Phylogeographic patterns of the Australian grass trees (Xanthorrhoea Asphodelaceae) shown using targeted amplicon sequencing

Todd G. B. McLay https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6405-8007 A B E F , Pauline Y. Ladiges B , Stephen R. Doyle C D and Michael J. Bayly https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6836-5493 B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Vic. 3141, Australia.

B School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.

C Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.

D Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia.

E Centre for Australian Biodiversity Research, CSIRO, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia.

F Corresponding author. Email: todd.mclay@rbg.vic.gov.au

Australian Systematic Botany 34(2) 206-225 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB20013
Submitted: 22 May 2020  Accepted: 16 January 2021   Published: 17 March 2021

Abstract

Despite the prevalence of sclerophyllous vegetation in Australia, there are few phylogeographic studies with continent-wide sampling addressing questions about the expansion of this vegetation post-aridification, and what physical barriers are associated with breaks in distribution or patterns of genetic structure. We used amplicon sequencing of plastid and nuclear DNA to investigate phylogeography of Xanthorrhoea. Despite extremely low genetic variation and widespread sharing of identical DNA sequence among multiple species and across significant geographic distance, haplotype analyses showed phylogeographic structure. Network analysis of six plastid loci and 137 samples identified 54 haplotypes (two common, 35 unique to single samples) in three geographic groups, south west and central Australia, northern–eastern Australia, and southern–eastern Australia, indicating restricted gene flow among regions. A nrDNA haplotype network of 152 samples showed less variation, with one haplotype being widespread, found in all three plastid geographic groups and 70% of species. nrDNA indicated four groups in a pattern, suggestive of at least two east–west divergences. A geographic area of a high haplotype diversity and divergence was identified in southern New South Wales, near the Southern Transition Zone. Our results showed the value of targeted amplicon sequencing and using multiple samples per species to identify both broad-scale and fine-scale biogeographic patterns.


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