Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-13T07:44:03.234Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dietary Effects on Ruminant Livestock Reproduction with Particular Reference to Protein

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

H. Kaur
Affiliation:
Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India
S. P. Arora
Affiliation:
Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1995

References

1Abdul-Wahid, F. T., Tritschler, J. P. & Duby, R. T. (1986). Effect of dietary crude protein on fertility and urea level in reproductive fluids of sheep. Journal of Animal Science 63 (Suppl. 1), 211212 (Abstr).Google Scholar
2Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., Zarazaga, L. & Lozano, J. M. (1993). Effect of plane of protein after weaning on resumption of reproductive activity in Rasa Aragonesa ewes lambing in late spring. Theriogenology 39, 463473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Adashi, E. Y., Hsueh, A. J. W. & Yen, S. S. C. (1981). Insulin enhancement of luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone release by cultured pituitary cells. Endocrinology 108, 14411449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Agricultural Research Council (1980). Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock: Technical Review. 2nd edn. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
5Alkass, J. E., Bryant, M. J. & Walton, J. S. (1982). Some effects of level of feeding and body condition upon sperm production and gonadotropin concentrations in the ram. Animal Production 34, 265277.Google Scholar
6Arije, G. F. & Wiltbank, J. N. (1971). Age and weight at puberty in Hereford heifers. Journal of Animal Science 33, 401406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Ashworth, C. J. & Bazer, F. W. (1989). Changes in ovine conceptus and endometrial function following asynchronous embryo transfer or administration of progesterone. Biology of Reproduction 40, 425433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Baird, D. T. & McNeilly, A. S. (1981). Gonadotrophic control of follicular development and function during the oestrous cycle of the ewe. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Suppl. 30, 119133.Google ScholarPubMed
9Barry, T. N. & Manley, T. R. (1985). Glucose and protein metabolism in late pregnancy in triplet-bearing ewes given fresh forages ad lib. 1. Voluntary intake and birth weight. British Journal of Nutrition 54, 521533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Baruah, K. K. Jr., Baruah, R. N., Baruah, K. K. & Baruah, B. (1986). The effect of diet on reproduction in Jersey heifers. Proceedings of 6th National Congress on Animal Reproduction, P. G. Guwahati, India.Google Scholar
11Bazer, F. W. (1989). Establishment of pregnancy in sheep and pigs. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 1, 237242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Berardinelli, J. G., Dailey, R. A., Butcher, R. L. & Inskeep, E. K. (1979). Source of progesterone prior to puberty in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 49, 12761280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Blauwiekel, R., Kincaid, R. L. & Reeves, J. J. (1986). Effect of high crude protein on pituitary and ovarian function in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 439446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Brockman, R. P. & Laarveld, B. (1986). Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants: a review. Livestock Production Science 14, 313334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Brooks, A. L., Morrow, R. E. & Youngquist, R. S. (1985). Body composition of beef heifers at puberty. Theriogenology 24, 235250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Carroll, D. J., Barton, B. A., Anderson, G. W. & Smith, R. D. (1988). Influence of protein intake and feeding strategy on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 34703481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Chew, B. P., Eisenman, J. R. & Tanaka, T. S. (1984). Arginine infusion stimulates prolactin, growth hormone, insulin, and subsequent lactation in pregnant dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 25072518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Cohick, W. S., Vicini, J. L., Staples, C. R., Clark, J. H., McCutcheon, S. N. & Bauman, D. E. (1986). Effects of intake and postruminal casein infusion on performance and concentration of hormones in plasma of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 30223031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Corps, A. N., Littlewood, C. J. & Brown, K. D. (1989). IGF binding proteins from pig pre-implantation blastocysts. In Biotechnology in Growth Regulation, p. 252 [ Heap, R. B., Prosser, C. G. and Lamming, G. E., editors]. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Davis, I. F., Brien, F. D., Findlay, J. K. & Cumming, I. A. (1981). Interactions between dietary protein, ovulation rate and follicle stimulating hormone level in the ewe. Animal Reproduction Science 4, 1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Davis, R. F. (1978). Response of dairy cattle to ration protein of different solubilities. Proceedings of the Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers pp. 116120.Google Scholar
22Day, M. L., Imakawa, K., Zalesky, D. D., Kittok, R. J. & Kinder, J. E. (1986). Effects of restriction of dietary energy intake during the prepubertal period on secretion of luteinizing hormone and responsiveness of the pituitary to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on heifers. Journal of Animal Science 62, 16411648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Doney, J. M., Gunn, R. G. & Horák, F. (1982). Reproduction. In Sheep and Goat Production (World Animal Science C.1) pp. 5780 [ Coop, I. E., editor]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.Google Scholar
24Ducker, M. J., Haggett, R. A., Fisher, W. J., Morant, S. V. & Bloomfield, G. A. (1985). Nutrition and reproductive performance of dairy cattle. 1. The effect of level of feeding in late pregnancy and around the time of insemination on the reproductive performance of first lactation dairy heifers. Animal Production 41, 112.Google Scholar
25Duffy, K. R. & Pardridge, W. M. (1987). Blood–brain barrier transcytosis of insulin in developing rabbits. Brain Research 420, 3238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Dufour, J. J. (1975). Influence of postweaning growth rate on puberty and ovarian activity in heifers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 55, 93100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Dunn, T. G. (1980). Relationship of nutrition to successful embryo transplantation. Theriogenology 13, 2740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Dunn, T. G. & Moss, G. E. (1992). Effects of nutrient deficiencies and excesses on reproductive efficiency of livestock. Journal of Animal Science 70, 15801593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29During, M. J., Acworth, I. N. & Wurtman, R. J. (1989). Dopamine release in rat striatum: physiological coupling to tyrosine supply. Journal of Neurochemistry 52, 14491453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Dýrmundsson, O. R. (1987). Advancement of puberty in male and female sheep. In New Techniques in Sheep Production, pp. 6576 [ I. F. M., Marai and Owen, J. B., editors]. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Ebling, F. J. P., Wood, R. I., Karsch, F. J., Vannerson, L. A., Suttie, J. M., Bucholtz, D. C., Schall, R. E. & Foster, D. L. (1990). Metabolic interfaces between growth and reproduction. III. Central mechanisms controlling pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the nutritionally growth-limited female lamb. Endocrinology 126, 27192727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Elrod, C. C. & Butler, W. R. (1993). Reduction of fertility and alteration of uterine pH in heifers fed excessruminally degradable protein. Journal of Animal Science 71, 694701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Faichney, G. J. & White, G. A. (1987). Effects of maternal nutritional status on fetal and placental growth and on fetal urea synthesis in sheep. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 40, 365377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Ferguson, J. D., Blanchard, T. L., Galligan, D. T., Hoshall, D. C. & Chalupa, W. (1988). Infertility in dairy cattle fed a high percentage of protein degradable in the rumen. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 192, 659661.Google ScholarPubMed
35Ferguson, J. D., Blanchard, T. L., Shotzberger, S. & Chalupa, W. (1986). Effect of rumen degradable protein on fertility. Journal of Dairy Science 69 (Suppl. 1), 121 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
36Ferguson, J. D. & Chalupa, W. (1989). Impact of protein nutrition on reproduction in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 72, 746766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Fletcher, I. C., Putu Sede, I. & Lubis, A. (1987). Nutritional constraints on reproduction in swamp buffalo cows. Proceedings of International Symposium on Milk Buffalo Reproduction, Islamabad, Pakistan, p. 27.Google Scholar
38Folman, Y., Neumark, H., Kaim, M. & Kaufmann, W. (1981). Performance, rumen and blood metabolites in high-yielding cows fed varying protein percents and protected soybean. Journal of Dairy Science 64, 759768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Folman, Y., Rosenberg, M., Ascarelli, I, Kalm, M. & Herz, Z. (1983). The effect of dietary and climatic factors on fertility and on plasma progesterone and oestradiol-17β levels in dairy cows. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 19, 863868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Foote, R. H. (1978). Factors influencing the quantity and quality of semen harvested from bulls, rams, boars and stallions. Journal of Animal Science 47, (Suppl. 2) 111.Google ScholarPubMed
41Foster, D. L., Ebling, F. J. P., Micka, A. F., Vannerson, L. A., Bucholtz, D. C., Wood, R. I., Suttie, J. M. & Fenner, D. E. (1989). Metabolic interfaces between growth and reproduction. I. Nutritional modulation of gonadotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone secretion in the growth-limited female lamb. Endocrinology 125, 342350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Foster, D. L., Ebling, F. J. P., Vannerson, L. A., Bucholtz, D. C., Wood, R. I., Micka, A. F., Suttie, J. M. & Veenvliet, B. A. (1988). Modulation of gonadotrophin secretion during development by nutrition and growth. Proceedings of 11th International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination. University College Dublin, 5, 101108.Google Scholar
43Foster, D. L. & Olster, D. H. (1985). Effect of restricted nutrition on puberty in the lamb: patterns of tonic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and competency of the LH surge system. Endocrinology 116, 375381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Garwacki, S., Wiechetek, M. & Barej, W. (1979). Comparison of metabolic effect of ammonia and adrenaline infusions in sheep. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 64, 2329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Goodall, E. A. & McMurray, C. H. (1984). An integration of mathematical models for feeding and lactation with reproductive performance of the dairy cow. Animal Production 38, 341349.Google Scholar
46Hall, J. B., Schillo, K. K., Hileman, S. M. & Boling, J. A. (1990). Does tyrosine act as a nutritional signal mediating the effects of increased feed intake on luteinizing hormone patterns in growth-restricted lambs? Biology of Reproduction 46, 573579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47Hammerl, J. (1986). [The effect of amino acid L-tyrosine on a catecholamine precursor, in the reproduction of cows.] In Proceedings of the 14th World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, Dublin, p. 911.Google Scholar
48Hammerl, J. & Muller, P. (1988). [The effect of L-tyrosine on reproduction in rats.] Tierärztliche Umschau 43, 450452.Google Scholar
49Hevrankova, J., Schmechell, D., Roth, J. & Brownstein, M. (1978). Identification of insulin in rat brain. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the USA 75, 57375741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Henniawati, & Fletcher, I. C. (1986). Reproduction in Indonesian sheep and goats at two levels of nutrition. Animal Reproduction Science 12, 7784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Houghton, P. L., Lemenager, R. P., Horstman, L. A., Hendrix, K. S. & Moss, G. E. (1990). Effects of body composition, pre- and postpartum energy level and early weaning on reproductive performance of beef cows and preweaning calf gain. Journal of Animal Science 68, 14381446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Howard, H. J., Aalseth, E. P., Adams, G. D., Bush, L. J., McNew, R. W. & Dawson, L. J. (1987). Influence of dietary protein on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 70, 15631571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53I'Anson, H., Wood, R. I., Bucholtz, D. C. & Padmanabhan, V. (1990). Hypothalamic vs pituitary stimulation of LH release in the prepubertal female lamb. Biology of Reproduction 42 (Suppl. 1), 47 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
54Jordan, E. R., Chapman, T. E., Holtan, D. W. & Swanson, L. V. (1983). Relationship of dietary crude protein to composition of uterine secretions and blood in high-producing postpartum dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 66, 18541862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Juneja, S. C. & Arora, S. P. (1986). Influence of level of nutrition and body weight on fertility in crossbred cows. Journal of Nuclear Agriculture & Biology 15, 6770.Google Scholar
56Juneja, S. C. & Arora, S. P. (1989). Occurrence of oestrus depressed by undernutrition in crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 6, 194199.Google Scholar
57Juneja, S. C. & Arora, S. P. (1990). Oestrous behaviour and annual pattern of peripheral progesterone in crossbred cows at two levels of nutrition. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction 11, 3134.Google Scholar
58Kaim, M., Folman, Y. & Neumark, H. (1983). The effect of protein intake and lactation number on post-partum body weight loss and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Animal Production 37, 229235.Google Scholar
59Kalra, S. P. & Crowley, W. R. (1984). Norepinephrine-like effects of neuropeptide Y on LH release in the rat. Life Science 35, 11731176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Kalra, S. P. & Kalra, P. S. (1983). Neural regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology Reviews 4, 311351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Karsch, F. J. (1984). Endocrine and environmental control of oestrous cyclicity in sheep. In Reproduction in Sheep, pp. 1015 [ Lindsay, D. R. and Pearce, D. T., editors]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
62Kaur, H. (1981). Studies on Progesterone Levels in Blood Plasma of Normal Cycling Buffaloes as Influenced by Different Levels of Nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.Google Scholar
63Kaur, H. (1993). Nutritional regulation of animal reproduction. Proceedings of the Sixth Animal Nutrition Research Workers' Conference, Bhubaneshwar, India, pp. 143149.Google Scholar
64Kaur, H. & Arora, S. P. (1982). Influence of level of nutrition and season on the oestrus cycle rhythm and on fertility in buffaloes. Tropical Agriculture 59, 274278.Google Scholar
65Kaur, H. & Arora, S. P. (1989). Growth and puberty as influenced by plane of nutrition in Murrah buffaloes. Buffalo Journal 5, 5764.Google Scholar
66Kaynard, A. H., Pau, K.-Y. F., Hess, D. L. & Spies, H. G. (1990). Third-ventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y suppresses luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rhesus macaques. Endocrinology 127, 24372444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Ketut Sutama, I. & Edey, T. N. (1985). Reproductive development during winter and spring of Merino ram lambs grown at three different rates. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 461467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68Khasan, A. M., Tashev, T. & Todorov, N. A. (1989). [The effect of level of dietary protein on the production and conception of cows.] Zhivotnovudni Nauki 26, 310 (Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews B 60, 452.)Google Scholar
69Khorram, O., Pau, K.-Y. F. & Spies, H. G. (1987). Bimodal effects of neuropeptide Y on hypothalamic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in conscious rabbits. Neuroendocrinology 45, 290297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Kile, J. P., Alexander, B. M., Moss, G. E., Hallford, D. M. & Nett, T. M. (1991). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone overrides the negative effect of reduced dietary energy on gonadotropin synthesis and secretion in ewes. Endocrinology 128, 843849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Kinder, J. E., Day, M. L. & Kittock, R. J. (1987). Endocrine regulationof puberty in cows and ewes. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Suppl. 34, 167186.Google Scholar
72Kleemann, D. O., Walker, S. K., Walkley, J. R. W., Smith, D. H., Grimson, R. J., Stafford, J. E. & Seamark, R. F. (1988). The effect of nutrition during mid and late pregnancy on lamb birthweight and survival in F+Booroola x S. A. Merino ewes. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 17, 428.Google Scholar
73Kurz, S. G., Dyer, R. M., Hu, Y., Wright, M. D. & Day, M. L. (1990). Regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in prepubertal heifers fed an energy-deficient diet. Biology of Reproduction 43, 450456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Ladenheim, R. G., Tesone, M. & Charreau, E. H. (1984). Insulin action and characterization of insulin receptors in rat luteal cells. Endocrinology 115, 752756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Lamond, D. R. (1970). The influence of undernutrition on reproduction in the cow. Animal Breeding Abstracts 38, 359372.Google Scholar
76Leng, R. A. (1990). Nutrition of ruminants at pasture in the tropics: implications for selection criteria. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 298309.Google Scholar
77Leng, R. A. & Nolan, J. V. (1984). Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 10721089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Lindsay, J. A., Ndama, P. H., Tune, D. R., Toleman, M. A. & Entwhistle, K. W. (1982). Protected proteins as supplements for bulls fed tropical forage diets. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 14, 594.Google Scholar
79Linzell, J. L. & Peaker, M. (1971). Mechanism of milk secretion. Physiological Reviews 51, 564597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Little, D. A. (1975). Effects of dry season supplements of protein and phosphorus to pregnant cows on the incidence of first post-partum oestrus. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15, 2531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81Loudon, A. (1987). Nutritional effects on puberty and lactational infertility in mammals: some interspecies considerations. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 46, 203216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Louw, B. P., Thomas, C. R. & Lishman, A. W. (1988). The influence of loss and gain of body mass on ovarian activity in beef cows. South African Journal of Animal Science 18, 17.Google Scholar
83McCann, J. P. & Hansel, W. (1986). Relationships between insulin and glucose metabolism and pituitary-ovarian functions in fasted heifers. Biology of Reproduction 34, 630641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84McDonald, J. K., Lumpkin, M. D. & DePaolo, L. V. (1989). Neuropeptide-Y suppresses pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized rats: possible site of action. Endocrinology 125, 186191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85McKelvey, W. A. C. & Robinson, J. J. (1986). Embryo survival and growth in the ewe – recent studies on the effects of nutrition and on novel techniques for the recovery and transfer of embryos. Annual Report of Studies in Animal Nutrition and Allied Sciences, Rowett Research Institute 41, 925.Google Scholar
86McKelvey, W. A. C. & Robinson, J. J. (1988). The use of reciprocal embryo transfer to separate the effects of pre- and post-mating nutrition on embryo survival and growth of ovine conceptus. In Proceedings of 11th International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, University College, Dublin, 2, Paper no. 176.Google Scholar
87MacRae, J. C., Smith, J. S., Dewey, P. J. S., Brewer, A. C., Brown, D. S. & Walker, A. (1985). The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and apparent absorption of amino acids in sheep given spring- and autumn-harvested grass. British Journal of Nutrition 54, 197209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88McShane, T. M., May, T., Miner, J. L. & Keisler, D. H. (1992). Central actions of neuropeptide-Y may provide a neuromodulatory link between nutrition and reproduction. Biology of Reproduction 46, 11511157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Malik, M. Y. (1987). Reproductive performance of buffaloes as affected by nutritional imbalances. Proceedings of International Symposium on Milk Buffalo Reproduction, Islamabad, Pakistan, p. 35.Google Scholar
90Malven, P. V., Haglof, S. A. & De Groot, H. (1990). Intraventricular administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits LH release in ovariectomized sheep. Neuroscience 16, 394 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
91Meaker, H. J. (1976). The influence of different planes of nutrition during winter on the conception rate of heifers. South African Journal of Animal Science 6, 2123.Google Scholar
92Moss, G. E., Parfet, J. R., Marvin, C. A., Allrich, R. D. & Diekman, M. A. (1985). Pituitary concentrations of gonadotropins and receptors for GnRH in suckled beef cows at various intervals after calving. Journal of Animal Science 60, 285293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Nolan, C. J., Neuendorff, D. A., Godfrey, R. W., Hams, P. G., Welsh, T. H., McArthur, N. H. & Randel, R. D. (1990). Influence of dietary energy intake on prepubertal development of Brahman bulls. Journal of Animal Science 68, 10871096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Nottle, M. B., Hynd, P. I., Seamark, R. F. & Setchell, B. P. (1988). Increases in ovulation rate in lupin-fed ewes are initiated by increases in protein digested post-ruminally. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 84, 563566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95National Research Council (1978). Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals, No. 2, Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 5th edn. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council.Google Scholar
96National Research Council (1989). Nutrient Requirements of Cattle. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
97Oldham, C. M., Adams, N. R., Gherardi, P. B., Lindsay, D. R. & Mackintosh, J. B. (1978). The influence of level of feed intake on sperm-producing capacity of testicular tissue in the ram. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29, 173179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Oldham, J. D. (1984). Protein-energy interrelationships in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 10901114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Oyedipe, E. O., Osori, D. I. K., Akerejola, O. & Saror, D. (1982). Effect of level of nutrition on onset of puberty and conception rates of zebu heifers. Theriogenology 18, 525539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Pangborn, M. C. (1978). The Effect of Various Levels of Crude Protein on High Producing Dairy Cows in Early Lactation. M. S. thesis, Oregon State University.Google Scholar
101Parker, G. V. & Thwaites, C. J. (1972). The effects of undernutrition on libido and semen quality in adult Merino rams. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 23, 109115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102Parr, R. A., Cumming, I. A. & Clarke, I. J. (1982). Effects of maternal nutrition and plasma progesterone concentrations on survival and growth of the sheep embryo in early gestation. Journal of Agricultural Science 98, 3946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103Parr, R. A., Davis, I. F., Fairclough, R. J. & Miles, M. A. (1987). Overfeeding during early pregnancy reduces peripheral progesterone concentration and pregnancy rate in sheep. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 80, 317320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Parr, R. A., Williams, A. H., Campbell, I. P., Witcombe, G. F. & Roberts, A. M. (1986). Low nutrition of ewes in early pregnancy and the residual effect on the offspring. Journal of Agricultural Science 106, 8187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105Patil, N. V. (1993). Dietary Influence of Rumen Degradable Protein on Blood Metabolites and Some Hormones in Cycling and Pregnant Goats. Ph.D. Thesis, National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, India.Google Scholar
106Payne, J. M., Dew, S. M., Manston, R. & Faulks, M. (1970). The use of a metabolic profile test in dairy herds. Veterinary Record 87, 150158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Pearse, B. H. G., McMeniman, N. P. & Dowsett, K. F. (1991). Effect of lupin (Lupinus angusrijolius) supplementation on ovarian and pituitary activity in ewes. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, 109112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108Perry, V. E. A., Chenoweth, P. J., Post, T. B. & Munro, R. K. (1991). Patterns of development of gonads, sex drive and hormonal responses in tropical beef bulls. Theriogenology 35, 473486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Radford, H. M., Donegan, S. & Scaramuzzi, R. J. (1980). The effect of supplementation with lupin grain on ovulation rate and plasma gonadotrophin levels in adult Merino ewes. Proceedings of Australian Society of Animal Production 13, 457 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
110Randel, R. D. (1990). Nutrition and postpartum rebreeding in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 68, 853862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Rekwot, P. I., Oyedipe, E. O., Akerejola, O. O. & Kumi-Diaka, J. (1988). The effect of protein intake on bodyweight, scrotal circumference and semen production of Bunaji bulls and their Friesian crosses in Nigeria. Animal Reproduction Science 16, 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Rekwot, P. I., Oyedipe, E. O., Akerejola, O. O., Kumi-Diaka, J. & Umoh, J. E. (1987). The effect of protein intake on the onset of puberty in Bunaji and Friesian x Bunaji crossbred bulls in Nigeria. Theriogenology 28, 427434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Rhind, S. M., Leslie, I. D., Gunn, R. G. & Doney, J. M. (1986). Effects of high levels of body condition and food intake on plasma follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and progesterone profiles around mating in Greyface ewes. Animal Production 43, 101107.Google Scholar
114Rhind, S. M., McKelvey, W. A. C., McMillen, S., Gunn, R. G. & Elston, D. A. (1989). Effect of restricted food intake, before and/or after mating, on the reproductive performance of Greyface ewes. Animal Production 48, 149155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
115Rhind, S. M. & McNeilly, A. S. (1986). Follicle populations, ovulation rates and plasma profiles of LH, FSH and prolactin in Scottish Blackface ewes in high and low levels of body condition. Animal Reproduction Science 10, 105115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116Richards, M. W., Wettemann, R. P. & Schoenemann, H. M. (1989). Nutritional anestrus in beef cows: body weight change, body condition, luteinizing hormone in serum and ovarian activity. Journal of Animal Science 67, 15201526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117Ritar, A. J. & Adams, N. R. (1988). Increased ovulation rate, but not FSH or LH concentrations, in ewes supplemented with lupin grain. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 17, 310313.Google Scholar
118Robinson, J. J. (1983). Nutrition of pregnant ewe. In Sheep Production, pp. 111113 [Haresign, W, editor]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
119Robinson, J. J. (1986). Nutrition and embryo loss in farm animals. In Embryonic Mortality in Farm Animals, pp. 235248 [ J. M., Sreenan and M. G., Diskin, editors]. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
120Robinson, J. J. (1990). Nutrition in the reproduction of farm animals. Nutrition Research Reviews 3, 253276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Robinson, J. J. & McDonald, D. I. (1989). Ewe nutrition and foetal growth and development. In Reproduction, Growth and Nutrition in Sheep, pp. 5777Dýrmundsson, [Ó. R. and Thorgeirsson, S., editors]. Reykjavik: Agricultural Research Institute and Agricultural Society of Iceland.Google Scholar
122Robinson, J. J. & McDonald, I., Brown, D. S. & Fraser, C. (1985). Studies on reproduction in prolific ewes. 8. The concentrations and rates of accretion of amino acids in the foetuses. Journal of Agricultural Science 105, 2126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123Rowlett, R. S., Gargiulo, N. J., Santoli, F. A., Jackson, J. M. & Corbett, A. H. (1991). Activation and inhibition of bovine carbonic anhydrase III by dianions. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 933941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Rutter, L. M. & Manns, J. G. (1987). Hypoglycemia alters pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the postpartum beef cow. Journal of Animal Science 64, 479488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Sabatino, F. D., Collins, P. & McDonald, J. K. (1989). Neuropeptide-Y stimulation of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone secretion from the median eminence in vitro by estrogen-dependent and extracellular Ca2+ -independent mechanisms. Endocrinology 124, 20892098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Sahlu, T., Fernandez, J. M., Lu, C. D. & Potchoiba, M. J. (1992). Influence of dietary protein on performance of dairy goats during pregnancy. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 220227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127Sahu, A., Kalra, P. S. & Kalra, S. P. (1988). Food deprivation and ingestion induced reciprocal changes in neuropeptide Y concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus. Peptides 9, 8386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Sasser, R. G., Williams, R. J., Bull, R. C., Ruder, C. A. & Falk, D. G. (1988). Postpartum reproductive performance in crude protein-restricted beef cows: return to estrus and conception. Journal of Animal Science 66, 30333039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129Schillo, K. K. (1992). Effects of dietary energy on control of luteinizing hormone secretion in cattle and sheep. Journal of Animal Science 70, 12711282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Schillo, K. K., Hall, J. B. & Hileman, S. M. (1992). Effects of nutrition and season on the onset of puberty in the beef heifer. Journal of Animal Science 70, 39944005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131Shokamoto, S., Imaizumi, E. & Shijimaya, K. (1975). [The effect of different planes of nutrition during growth on the productivity of Holstein cows. III. Growth to first calving for two groups of cows calving at the same body weight.] Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin no. 110, 4558 (Animal Breeding Abstracts 43, 676).Google Scholar
132Simpson, R. B., Armstrong, J. D., Harvey, R. W., Miller, D. C., Heimer, E. P. & Campbell, R. M. (1991). Effect of active immunization against growth hormone-releasing factor on growth and onset of puberty in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 69, 49144924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133Smith, J. F. (1988). Influence of nutrition on ovulation rate in the ewe. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 41, 2736.Google Scholar
134Smith, J. F., Payne, E., Peterson, A. J., McGowan, L. T., Cope, B. & McLaughlin, R. (1990). Effects of phenobarbital, dietary protein intake, and ewe liveweight on ovulation rate and concentrations of plasma FSH and hepatic microsomal enzymes. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 2, 623632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135Smith, M. F. (1986). Recent advances in corpus luteum physiology. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 911926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136Smith, R. K. & Day, M. L. (1990). Mechanisms of induction of puberty in beef heifers with melengestrol acetate. Ohio State Beef Research Report p. 137.Google Scholar
137Stevenson, J. S. & Call, E. P. (1988). Reproductive disorders in the periparturient dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 25722583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
138Stewart, R. & Oldham, C. M. (1986). Feeding lupins to ewes for four days during the luteal phase can increase ovulation rate. Proceedings of Australian Society of Animal Production 16, 367369.Google Scholar
139Stone, B. A. (1987). Determinants of embryonic mortality in the pig. Pig News and Information 8, 279284.Google Scholar
140Swanson, L. V. (1989). Discussion – interactions of nutrition and reproduction. Journal of Dairy Science 72, 805814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
141Symonds, H. W. & Prime, G. (1989). The influence of volume of food intake by gilts on blood flow in the portal vein and clearance of progesterone from plasma. Animal Production 48, 620621.Google Scholar
142Tegegne, A., Entwistle, K. W. & Mukasawa-Mugerwa, E. (1992). Nutritional influences on growth and onset of puberty in Boran and Boran x Friesian bulls in Ethiopia. Theriogenology 37, 10051016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143Teleni, E., Rowe, J. B., Croker, K. P., Murray, P. J. & King, W. R. (1989). Lupins and energy-yielding nutrients in ewes. 2. Responses in ovulation rate in ewes to increased availability of glucose, acetate and amino acids. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 1, 117125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144Terasawa, E., Krook, C., Hei, D. L., Gearing, M., Schultz, N. J. & Davis, G. A. (1988). Norepinephrine is a possible neurotransmitter stimulating pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 123, 18081816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145Thatcher, W. W., McMillan, K. L., Hansen, P. J. & Drost, M. (1989). Concepts for regulation of corpus luteum function by the conceptus and ovarian follicles to improve fertility. Theriogenology 31, 149164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
146Thomas, D. L., Thomford, P. J., Crickman, J. G., Cobb, A. R. & Dziuk, P. J. (1987). Effects of plane of nutrition and phenobarbital during the pre-mating period on reproduction in ewes fed differentially during the summer and mated in the fall. Journal of Animal Science 64, 11441152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
147Topps, J. H. (1977). The relationship between reproduction and undernutrition in beef cattle. World Review of Animal Production 13(2), 4349.Google Scholar
148Topps, J. H., Islam, M. N., Brodbent, P. J. & Paterson, G. F. M. (1989). Effect of pre-calving nutrition on the performance of twin bearing beef cows and their calves. Animal Production 48, 617.Google Scholar
149Treacher, R. J., Little, W., Collis, K. A. & Stark, A. J. (1976). The influence of dietary protein intake on milk production and blood composition of high-yielding dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 43, 357369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150Umezaki, C. & Fordney-Settlage, D. S. (1975). In vitro studies on cervical conception; use of urea as a spermicidal agent. Contraception 12, 465493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
151Vandalem, J. L. (1986). [Contribution to a study of the functions of the gonads and thyroid gland: an integrated approach.] Université de Liège, Belgium: Faculté de Médecine.Google Scholar
152VanDemark, N. L., Fritz, G. R. & Mauger, R. E. (1964). Effect of energy intake on reproductive performance of dairy bulls. II. Semen production and replenishment. Journal of Dairy Science 47, 898904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
153van Houten, M., Posner, B. I., Kopriwa, B. M. & Brawer, J. R. (1980). Insulin binding sites localized to nerve terminals in rat median eminence and arcuate nucleus. Science 207, 10811083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154Vincent, I. C., Williams, H. LI. & Hill, R. (1985). The influence of low-nutrient intake after mating on gestation and perinatal survival of lambs. British Veterinary Journal 141, 611617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
155Visek, W. J. (1984). Ammonia: its effects on biological systems, metabolic hormones, and reproduction. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 481498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156Waddad, S. A. & Gaili, E. S. E. (1985). Effect of nutrition on sexual development of Western Sudan Baggara bull calves. Acta Veterinaria, Beograd 35, 299304.Google Scholar
157Waghorn, G. C. & Smith, J. F. (1990). The effect of protein and energy intake on physiological parameters and ovulation rate in ewes. Proceedings of Australian Society of Animal Production 18, 563.Google Scholar
158Waghorn, G. C., Smith, J. F. & Ulyatt, M. J. (1990). Effect of protein and energy intake on digestion and nitrogen metabolism in wethers and on ovulation in ewes. Animal Production 51, 291300.Google Scholar
159Wallum, B. J., Taborsky, G. J., Porte, D., Figlewicz, D. P., Jacobson, L., Beard, J. C., Ward, W. K. & Dorsa, D. (1987). Cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels increase during intravenous insulin infusions in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64, 190201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
160White, L. G. (1974). Mammalian semen. In Reproduction in Farm Animals, 3rd Edn, p. 119. [ Hafez, E. S. E., editor]. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
161Wohlt, J. E. & Clark, J. H. (1978). Nutritional value of urea versus preformed protein for ruminants. 1. Lactation of dairy cows fed corn based diets containing supplemental nitrogen from urea and/or soybean meal. Journal of Dairy Science 61, 902915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
162Wright, I. A., Rhind, S. M., Russel, A. J. F., Whyte, T. K., McBean, A. J. & McMillen, S. R. (1987). Effects of body condition, food intake and temporary calf separation on the duration of the post-partum anoestrous period and associated LH, FSH and prolactin concentrations in beef cows. Animal Production 45, 395402.Google Scholar
163Wright, I. A., Russel, A. J. F. & Hunter, E. A. (1986). The use of body condition scoring to ration beef cows in late pregnancy. Animal Production 43, 391396.Google Scholar
164Xu, Z. Z., McDonald, M. F. & McCutcheon, S. N. (1989). The effects of nutritionally-induced liveweight differences on follicular development, ovulation rate, oestrous activity and plasma follicle-stimulating hormone levels in the ewe. Animal Reproduction Science 19, 6778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar