Manufacturing consensus:(Geo)political knowledge and policy‐based lending

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Review of African Political Economy

Volume 21, Issue 62

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Manufacturing consensus:(Geo)political knowledge and policy‐based lending

research-article

Author(s): Giles Mohan ^a

Publication date (Print): December 1994

Journal: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

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Abstract

This article examines the inter‐relations between power and knowledge in the contemporary world order. It begins by examining recent contributions to development theory especially post‐modern formulations. These are seen to foster an apolitical stand on development which relativises values and hence negates the possibility of emancipatory politics. However, the technique of deconstruction is useful in revealing the geo‐political basis of power structures and by so doing can help enliven progressive political debate. The article then examines how the World Bank's universalising visions of the developing world in general and Africa in particular enables the Bank to prescribe uniform adjustment programmes. As such the article reveals the links between research and policy. It ends by calling for a revitalisation of political economy which can provide a structural account of the power relations in which development discourses circulate.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): crea20

Journal ID (archive): CREA

Title: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

ISSN (Print): 0305-6244

ISSN (Electronic): 1740-1720

Publication date (Print): December 1994

Volume: 21

Issue: 62

Pages: 525-538

Affiliations

^a University of Central Lancashire , UK

Article

Publisher ID: 8704085 Coden ID: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 21, No. 62, December 1994, pp. 525-538

DOI: 10.1080/03056249408704085

SO-VID: 8c368ad2-9fd4-4c2e-a81b-408ffe6f9140

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 68, Pages: 14

Bibliographic Note

Ashley R. . 1987. . ‘The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Towards a Critical Social Theory of International Politics’. . Alternatives . , Vol. XII:: 403––434. .
Amin A and Thrift N. . ‘Globalisation, Institutional Thickness and Local Prospects’. In: . unpublished paper presented at the workshop on ‘Challenge in Urban Management: The Institutional Relations of the Contemporary City’; . March 25–27– 1993 ; . University of Newcastle upon Tyne. .
Balassa B. . 1981. . Structural Adjustment Policies in Developing Economies: World Bank Staff Working Paper 464 . , Washington , DC : : World Bank. .
Booth D. . 1985. . ‘Marxism and Development Sociology: Interpreting the Impasse’. . World Development . , Vol. 13((7)): 761––87. .
Clapham C. . 1985. . An Introduction to Third World Politics . , London : : Routledge. .
Corbridge S. . 1986. . Capitalist World Development . , London : : Macmillan. .
Corbridge S. . 1993. . “‘Colonialism, Post‐Colonialism and the Political Geography of the Third World’. ”. In Political Geography of the Twentieth Century: A Global Analysis . , Edited by: Taylor P. . London : : Belhaven Press. .
Dalby S. . 1991. . ‘Critical Geopolitics: Discourse, Difference and Dissent’. . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space . , Vol. 9:: 261––283. .
Daniel P. . 1986. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Policy Dialogue’. . Institute of Development Studies Bulletin . , Vol. 17((2)): 46––58. .
1992. . (The) Economist . , 22 February;
Escobar A. . 1992. . ‘Imagining a Post‐Development Era? Critical Thought, Development and Social Movements’. . Social Text . , : 20––56. .
Esteva G. . 1993. . “‘Development’. ”. In The Development Dictionary . , Edited by: Sachs W. . London : : Zed Press. .
Forbes D. . 1990. . ‘Geography and Development Practice: a Postmodern Challenge?’. . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space . , Vol. 8:: 131––33. .
Fukuyama F. . 1992. . The End of History and the Last Man . , New York : : Free Press. .
Gibbon P. . 1992. . ‘The World Bank and African Poverty, 1973–91’. . The Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((2)): 193––220. .
Green R. . 1986. . ‘The IMF and Stabilisation in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Critical Review’ . , Brighton : : Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper. .
Harvey D. . 1974. . ‘Population, Resources and the Ideology of Science’. . Economic Geography . , Vol. 50:: 256––277. .
Harvey D. . 1993. . “‘Class Relations, Social Justice and Difference’. ”. In Principled Positions: Postmodernism and the Rediscovery of Value . , Edited by: Squires J. . London : : Lawrence and Wishart. .
Held D. . 1990. . “‘The Decline of the Nations State’. ”. In New Times . , Edited by: Hall S and Jacques M. . London : : Lawrence and Wishart. .
Hettne B. . 1990. . Development Theory and the Three Worlds . , Harlow : : Longman. .
Hirst P and Thompson G. . ‘The Problem of ‘Globalization’: International Economic Relations, National Economic Management and the Formation of Trading Blocs’. . Economy and Society . , Vol. 21((4))357––396. .
Hoogvelt A, Phillips D and Taylor P. . 1992. . ‘The World Bank and Africa: A Case of Mistaken Identity’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 54:: 92––97. .
Hutchful E. . 1989. . “‘From “Revolution” to Monetarism: The Economics and Politics of the Structural Adjustment Programme in Ghana’. ”. In Structural Adjustment in Africa . , Edited by: Campbell B and Loxley J. . London : : Macmillan. .
Hyden G. . 1983. . No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in Perspective . , London : : Heinemann. .
Jessop B. . ‘Changing Forms and Functions of the State in an era of Globalization and Regionalization’. In: . paper presented to E.A.P.E. Conference; . November 4–7– 1992 ; , Paris .
Kochen M and Deutsch K. . 1980. . Decentralization: Sketches Towards A Rational Theory . , Cambridge : : Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain Pub.Inc. .
Lele S. . 1991. . ‘Sustainable Development: A Critical Review’. . World Development . , Vol. 19((6)): 607––623. .
Levy F and Truman E. . 1971. . ‘Towards a Rational Theory of Decentralization’. . The American Political Science Review . , Vol. 65:: 172––279. .
Leyshon A. . 1992. . ‘The Transformation of the World Regulatory Order: Regulating the Global Economy and Environment’. . Geoforum . , Vol. 23((3)): 249––267. .
Lovering J. . ‘The Dangerous and Unnecessary Turn to Nietzsche’. In: . unpublished draft of seminar paper; . June. ; , Liverpool .
Loxley J. . 1992. . Ghana: The Long Road to Recovery, 1983–90 . , Canada : : The North‐South Institute. .
Mabogunje A. . 1989. . The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective . , London : : Hutchinson University Library. .
Mohanty C. . 1992. . “‘Feminist Encounters: Locating the Politics of Experience’. ”. In Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates . , Edited by: Barrett M and Walby S. . Cambridge : : Polity Press. .
Murray D. . 1983. . ‘The World Bank's Perspective on How to Improve Administration’. . Public Administration and Development . , Vol. 3:: 291––297. .
Naipaul S. . 18 May. 1979 . “‘The Myth of the Third World: a Thousand Million Invisible Men’. ”. In The Spectator . 18 May. , London :
Ninsin K. . 1988. . “‘Three Levels of State Reordering: The Structural Aspects’. ”. In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa . , Edited by: Rothchild D and Chazan N. . Boulder : : Westview Press. .
OTuathail G. . 1987a. . ‘Beyond Empiricist Political Geography: a Comment of Van der Wusten and O'Loughlin’. . Professional Geographer . , Vol. 39:: 197
O'Tuathail G. . 1987b. . ‘The Language and Nature of the ‘New Geopolitics’ — the Case of US‐El Salvador Relations’. . Political Geography Quarterly . , Vol. 5((1)): 73––85. .
O'Tuathail G and Agnew J. . 1992. . ‘Geopolitics and Discourse’. . Political Geography . , Vol. 11((2)): 190––204. .
Peet R. . ‘Reason, Space, Modernity: The Future of Development Geography’. In: . paper presented at the annual conference; . . 1993 ; , Atlanta . . Association of American Geographers. .
Peet R. . 1993b. . ‘Reading Fukuyama: Politics at the End of History’. . Political Geography . , Vol. 12((1)): 64––78. .
Peet R. . 1994. . Book Review. . Annals of the Association of American Geographers . , : 339––342. .
Philo C. . 1992. . ‘Foucault's Geography’. . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space . , Vol. 10:: 137––161. .
Rawlings J. . 1986. . A New Direction of Purpose . , Accra : : Information Services Department. .
Riddell B. . 1992. . ‘Things Fall Apart Again: Structural Adjustment Programmes in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . The Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((1)): 53––68. .
Riley S. . ‘Political Adjustment? Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa. In: . seminar paper presented at the Centre for African Studies; . 17 February. ; . University of Liverpool. .
Rondinelli D, Nellis J and Cheema G. . 1984. . Decentralization in Developing Countries: A Review of Recent Experience . , Washington , DC : : The World Bank. .
Rondinelli D, McCullough J and Johnson R. . 1989. . ‘Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political‐economy Framework’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 20:: 57––87. .
Rondinelli D. . 1990. . ‘Decentralization, Territorial Power and the State: A Critical Response’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 21:: 491––500. .
Rostow W. . 1971. . The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non‐communist Manifesto . , (2nd Edition). , Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .
Said E. . 1978. . Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient . , London : : Penguin Books. .
Samoff J. . 1992. . ‘The Intellectual/Financial Complex of Foreign Aid’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 53:: 60––75. .
Schuurman F. . 1993. . “‘Introduction: Development Theories in the 1990s’. ”. In Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory . , Edited by: Schuurman F. . London : : Zed Press. .
Schuurman F. . 1993. . “‘Modernity, Postmodernity and the New Social Movements’. ”. In Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory . , Edited by: Schuurman F. . London : : Zed Press. .
Slater D. . 1989. . Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 20:: 501––531. .
Slater D. . 1990. . ‘Debating Decentralization — A Reply to Rondinelli’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 21:: 501––512. .
Slater D. . ‘The Geopolitical Imagination and the Enframing of Development Theory’. In: . unpublished paper prepared for the Trilateral Conference on Global Change, Structural Adjustment and Access to Economic, Political, Environmental and Social Resources; . March. 1993 ; , Amsterdam .
Smart B. . 1993. . Postmodernity . , London : : Routledge. .
Smith B. . 1985. . Decentralization: The Territorial Dimension of the State . , London : : Allen and Unwin. .
Taylor P. . 1993. . “‘Geopolitical World Orders’. ”. In Political Geography of the Twentieth Century: A Global Analysis . , Edited by: Taylor P. . London : : Belhaven Press. .
Townsend J. . 1993. . “‘Gender Studies: Whose Agenda?’. ”. In Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory . , Edited by: Schuurman F. . London : : Zed Press. .
Watts M. . 1993. . ‘Development I; Power, Knowledge, Discursive Practice’. . Progress in Human Geography . , Vol. 17((2)): 257––272. .
World Bank. . 1983. . World Development Report . , Washington , DC : : World Bank. .
World Bank. . 1990. . Strengthening Local Governments in Sub‐Saharan Africa . , (E.D.I. Policy Seminar Report Series 21). Washington , DC : : World Bank. .
World Bank. . 1991. . World Development Report . , Washington , DC : : World Bank. .
Wunsch J. . 1991. . ‘Institutional Analysis and Decentralization: Developing an Analytical Framework for Effective Third World Administrative Reform’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 11:: 431––451. .
Yeebo Z. . 1985. . ‘Ghana: Defence Committees and the Class Struggle’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 32:: 64––72. .
Young C. . 1988. . “‘The African Colonial State and its Political Legacy’. ”. In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa . , Edited by: Rothchild D and Chazan N. . Boulder : : Westview Press. .

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Ashley R. . 1987. . ‘The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Towards a Critical Social Theory of International Politics’. . Alternatives . , Vol. XII:: 403––434. .

[2] Amin A and Thrift N. . ‘Globalisation, Institutional Thickness and Local Prospects’. In: . unpublished paper presented at the workshop on ‘Challenge in Urban Management: The Institutional Relations of the Contemporary City’; . March 25–27– 1993 ; . University of Newcastle upon Tyne. .

[3] Balassa B. . 1981. . Structural Adjustment Policies in Developing Economies: World Bank Staff Working Paper 464 . , Washington , DC : : World Bank. .

[4] Booth D. . 1985. . ‘Marxism and Development Sociology: Interpreting the Impasse’. . World Development . , Vol. 13((7)): 761––87. .

[5] Clapham C. . 1985. . An Introduction to Third World Politics . , London : : Routledge. .

[6] Corbridge S. . 1986. . Capitalist World Development . , London : : Macmillan. .

[7] Corbridge S. . 1993. . “‘Colonialism, Post‐Colonialism and the Political Geography of the Third World’. ”. In Political Geography of the Twentieth Century: A Global Analysis . , Edited by: Taylor P. . London : : Belhaven Press. .

[8] Dalby S. . 1991. . ‘Critical Geopolitics: Discourse, Difference and Dissent’. . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space . , Vol. 9:: 261––283. .

[9] Daniel P. . 1986. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Policy Dialogue’. . Institute of Development Studies Bulletin . , Vol. 17((2)): 46––58. .

[10] 1992. . (The) Economist . , 22 February;

[11] Escobar A. . 1992. . ‘Imagining a Post‐Development Era? Critical Thought, Development and Social Movements’. . Social Text . , : 20––56. .

[12] Esteva G. . 1993. . “‘Development’. ”. In The Development Dictionary . , Edited by: Sachs W. . London : : Zed Press. .

[13] Forbes D. . 1990. . ‘Geography and Development Practice: a Postmodern Challenge?’. . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space . , Vol. 8:: 131––33. .

[14] Fukuyama F. . 1992. . The End of History and the Last Man . , New York : : Free Press. .

[15] Gibbon P. . 1992. . ‘The World Bank and African Poverty, 1973–91’. . The Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((2)): 193––220. .

[16] Green R. . 1986. . ‘The IMF and Stabilisation in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Critical Review’ . , Brighton : : Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper. .

[17] Harvey D. . 1974. . ‘Population, Resources and the Ideology of Science’. . Economic Geography . , Vol. 50:: 256––277. .

[18] Harvey D. . 1993. . “‘Class Relations, Social Justice and Difference’. ”. In Principled Positions: Postmodernism and the Rediscovery of Value . , Edited by: Squires J. . London : : Lawrence and Wishart. .

[19] Held D. . 1990. . “‘The Decline of the Nations State’. ”. In New Times . , Edited by: Hall S and Jacques M. . London : : Lawrence and Wishart. .

[20] Hettne B. . 1990. . Development Theory and the Three Worlds . , Harlow : : Longman. .

[21] Hirst P and Thompson G. . ‘The Problem of ‘Globalization’: International Economic Relations, National Economic Management and the Formation of Trading Blocs’. . Economy and Society . , Vol. 21((4))357––396. .

[22] Hoogvelt A, Phillips D and Taylor P. . 1992. . ‘The World Bank and Africa: A Case of Mistaken Identity’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 54:: 92––97. .

[23] Hutchful E. . 1989. . “‘From “Revolution” to Monetarism: The Economics and Politics of the Structural Adjustment Programme in Ghana’. ”. In Structural Adjustment in Africa . , Edited by: Campbell B and Loxley J. . London : : Macmillan. .

[24] Hyden G. . 1983. . No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in Perspective . , London : : Heinemann. .

[25] Jessop B. . ‘Changing Forms and Functions of the State in an era of Globalization and Regionalization’. In: . paper presented to E.A.P.E. Conference; . November 4–7– 1992 ; , Paris .

[26] Kochen M and Deutsch K. . 1980. . Decentralization: Sketches Towards A Rational Theory . , Cambridge : : Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain Pub.Inc. .

[27] Lele S. . 1991. . ‘Sustainable Development: A Critical Review’. . World Development . , Vol. 19((6)): 607––623. .

[28] Levy F and Truman E. . 1971. . ‘Towards a Rational Theory of Decentralization’. . The American Political Science Review . , Vol. 65:: 172––279. .

[29] Leyshon A. . 1992. . ‘The Transformation of the World Regulatory Order: Regulating the Global Economy and Environment’. . Geoforum . , Vol. 23((3)): 249––267. .

[30] Lovering J. . ‘The Dangerous and Unnecessary Turn to Nietzsche’. In: . unpublished draft of seminar paper; . June. ; , Liverpool .

[31] Loxley J. . 1992. . Ghana: The Long Road to Recovery, 1983–90 . , Canada : : The North‐South Institute. .

[32] Mabogunje A. . 1989. . The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective . , London : : Hutchinson University Library. .

[33] Mohanty C. . 1992. . “‘Feminist Encounters: Locating the Politics of Experience’. ”. In Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates . , Edited by: Barrett M and Walby S. . Cambridge : : Polity Press. .

[34] Murray D. . 1983. . ‘The World Bank's Perspective on How to Improve Administration’. . Public Administration and Development . , Vol. 3:: 291––297. .

[35] Naipaul S. . 18 May. 1979 . “‘The Myth of the Third World: a Thousand Million Invisible Men’. ”. In The Spectator . 18 May. , London :

[36] Ninsin K. . 1988. . “‘Three Levels of State Reordering: The Structural Aspects’. ”. In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa . , Edited by: Rothchild D and Chazan N. . Boulder : : Westview Press. .

[37] OTuathail G. . 1987a. . ‘Beyond Empiricist Political Geography: a Comment of Van der Wusten and O'Loughlin’. . Professional Geographer . , Vol. 39:: 197

[38] O'Tuathail G. . 1987b. . ‘The Language and Nature of the ‘New Geopolitics’ — the Case of US‐El Salvador Relations’. . Political Geography Quarterly . , Vol. 5((1)): 73––85. .

[39] O'Tuathail G and Agnew J. . 1992. . ‘Geopolitics and Discourse’. . Political Geography . , Vol. 11((2)): 190––204. .

[40] Peet R. . ‘Reason, Space, Modernity: The Future of Development Geography’. In: . paper presented at the annual conference; . . 1993 ; , Atlanta . . Association of American Geographers. .

[41] Peet R. . 1993b. . ‘Reading Fukuyama: Politics at the End of History’. . Political Geography . , Vol. 12((1)): 64––78. .

[42] Peet R. . 1994. . Book Review. . Annals of the Association of American Geographers . , : 339––342. .

[43] Philo C. . 1992. . ‘Foucault's Geography’. . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space . , Vol. 10:: 137––161. .

[44] Rawlings J. . 1986. . A New Direction of Purpose . , Accra : : Information Services Department. .

[45] Riddell B. . 1992. . ‘Things Fall Apart Again: Structural Adjustment Programmes in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . The Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((1)): 53––68. .

[46] Riley S. . ‘Political Adjustment? Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa. In: . seminar paper presented at the Centre for African Studies; . 17 February. ; . University of Liverpool. .

[47] Rondinelli D, Nellis J and Cheema G. . 1984. . Decentralization in Developing Countries: A Review of Recent Experience . , Washington , DC : : The World Bank. .

[48] Rondinelli D, McCullough J and Johnson R. . 1989. . ‘Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political‐economy Framework’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 20:: 57––87. .

[49] Rondinelli D. . 1990. . ‘Decentralization, Territorial Power and the State: A Critical Response’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 21:: 491––500. .

[50] Rostow W. . 1971. . The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non‐communist Manifesto . , (2nd Edition). , Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .

[51] Said E. . 1978. . Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient . , London : : Penguin Books. .

[52] Samoff J. . 1992. . ‘The Intellectual/Financial Complex of Foreign Aid’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 53:: 60––75. .

[53] Schuurman F. . 1993. . “‘Introduction: Development Theories in the 1990s’. ”. In Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory . , Edited by: Schuurman F. . London : : Zed Press. .

[54] Schuurman F. . 1993. . “‘Modernity, Postmodernity and the New Social Movements’. ”. In Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory . , Edited by: Schuurman F. . London : : Zed Press. .

[55] Slater D. . 1989. . Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 20:: 501––531. .

[56] Slater D. . 1990. . ‘Debating Decentralization — A Reply to Rondinelli’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 21:: 501––512. .

[57] Slater D. . ‘The Geopolitical Imagination and the Enframing of Development Theory’. In: . unpublished paper prepared for the Trilateral Conference on Global Change, Structural Adjustment and Access to Economic, Political, Environmental and Social Resources; . March. 1993 ; , Amsterdam .

[58] Smart B. . 1993. . Postmodernity . , London : : Routledge. .

[59] Smith B. . 1985. . Decentralization: The Territorial Dimension of the State . , London : : Allen and Unwin. .

[60] Taylor P. . 1993. . “‘Geopolitical World Orders’. ”. In Political Geography of the Twentieth Century: A Global Analysis . , Edited by: Taylor P. . London : : Belhaven Press. .

[61] Townsend J. . 1993. . “‘Gender Studies: Whose Agenda?’. ”. In Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory . , Edited by: Schuurman F. . London : : Zed Press. .

[62] Watts M. . 1993. . ‘Development I; Power, Knowledge, Discursive Practice’. . Progress in Human Geography . , Vol. 17((2)): 257––272. .

[63] World Bank. . 1983. . World Development Report . , Washington , DC : : World Bank. .

[64] World Bank. . 1990. . Strengthening Local Governments in Sub‐Saharan Africa . , (E.D.I. Policy Seminar Report Series 21). Washington , DC : : World Bank. .

[65] World Bank. . 1991. . World Development Report . , Washington , DC : : World Bank. .

[66] Wunsch J. . 1991. . ‘Institutional Analysis and Decentralization: Developing an Analytical Framework for Effective Third World Administrative Reform’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 11:: 431––451. .

[67] Yeebo Z. . 1985. . ‘Ghana: Defence Committees and the Class Struggle’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 32:: 64––72. .

[68] Young C. . 1988. . “‘The African Colonial State and its Political Legacy’. ”. In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa . , Edited by: Rothchild D and Chazan N. . Boulder : : Westview Press. .

Review of African Political Economy

Manufacturing consensus:(Geo)political knowledge and policy‐based lending

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