The Rotation Curves of Dwarf Galaxies: A Problem for Cold Dark Matter?

We address the issue of accuracy in recovering density profiles from observations of rotation curves of galaxies. We "observe" and analyze our models in much the same way as observers do the real galaxies. Our models include stellar disks, disks with bars, and small bulges. We find that the tilted-ring model analysis produces an underestimate of the central rotational velocity. In some cases the galaxy halo density profile seems to have a flat core, while in reality it does not. We identify three effects that explain the systematic biases: inclination, small bulge, and bar. Inclination effects are due to the finite thickness of the disk, bar, or bulge. Admixture of a nonrotating bulge component reduces the rotational velocity. A small (200-500 pc) bulge may be overlooked, leading to systematic bias even on relatively large (~1 kpc) distances. In the case of a disk with a bar, the underestimate of the circular velocity is larger because of a combination of noncircular motions and random velocities. The effect of the bar depends on the angle that the bar makes with the line of sight. Signatures of bars can be difficult to detect in the surface brightness profiles of the model galaxies. The variations of inclination angle and isophote position angle with radius are more reliable indicators of bar presence than the surface brightness profiles. The systematic biases in the central ~1 kpc of galaxies are not large. Each effect separately gives typically a few km s^-1 error, but the effects add up. In some cases the error in circular velocity was a factor of 2, but typically we get about a 20% effect. The result is the false inference that the density profile of the halo flattens in the central parts. Our observations of real galaxies show that for a large fraction of galaxies the velocity of gas rotation (as measured by emission lines) is very close to the rotation of the stellar component (as measured by absorption lines). This implies that the systematic effects discussed in this paper are also applicable both for the stars and emission-line gas.