Abstract
With the advent of synchrotron radiation in the 32-280 eV range at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project, it has become possible to elucidate the transition from ultraviolet to X-ray-induced photoemission. This has been accomplished by studies of noble metals. Polycrystalline copper shows a valence-band (VB) profile that approaches the X-ray induced shape at hv ∼ 100 eV. In polycrystalline silver, the 4d cross section follows the atomic curve, with a reversal of VB peak intensities near hv = 110 eV. Strongly anisotropic behavior is observed in copper single crystals, using angle-resolved photoemission (ARP). Normal ARP spectra from Cu(100), (110), and (111) crystals follow the band dispersion through the Brillouin Zone, including a dramatic resonance between the Fermi level (EF) and 2 eV binding energy for hv = 43-52 eV. High temperature and high photon energy studies demonstrate the importance of the Debye-Waller factor in photoemission leading to a breakdown of the direct transition model. In adsorption studies of CO on Ni and Pt, CO is shown to stand up with oxygen out. For Pt, electrons are found to flow from t2g orbitals near EF to CO, and the CO 1π and 5σ binding energies are reversed relative to the gas phase. At higher photon energies, hv = 150 eV, the CO orbitals are very prominent on a Pt substrate. An inversion of the angular distribution of these orbitals and energy-dependent resonances in their intensities provide evidence for final state scattering effects at photon energies above 40 eV.
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