Critical points of the Onsager functional on a sphere

We study Onsager's model of isotropic–nematic phase transitions with orientation parameter on a sphere. We consider two interaction potentials: the antisymmetric (with respect to orientation inversion) dipolar potential and symmetric Maier–Saupe potential. We prove the axial symmetry and derive explicit formulae for all critical points, thus obtaining their complete classification. Finally, we investigate their stability and construct the corresponding bifurcation diagrams.