¹ For this statement, see Dore, , ‘Choice of Law under the International Sales Convention: A U.S. Perspective’, American Journal of International Law (1983), 521, 532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² For a similar definition, see Juenger, , ‘Forum Shopping’, RabelsZ 40 (1982), 708, 708.Google Scholar

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⁴ For the English text of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, see, eg, International Legal Materials 668 (1980).

⁵ See, eg, Burkart, , Interpretatives Zusammenwirken von CISG und UNIDROIT Principles (Baden-Baden, 2000), S. 8Google Scholar; Erauw, , ‘Wanneer is het Weens Koopverdrag van toepassing?’, in: Van Houtte, , Erauw, , and Wautelet, (eds), Het Weens Koopverdrag (Antwerpen/Groningen, 1997), 21, 23Google Scholar; Matthews, , ‘International sales law: Goodbye Soon to all Forum Shoppers?’, ICC Business World (1983), 12, 12.Google Scholar

⁶ For the English version of the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, see Hill, and Messent, , CMR: Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods by Road 2nd edn (London, 1995), 316 ff.Google Scholar

⁷ See Tuma, Anmerkung zu LG Salzburg, 12 Oct 1995, TranspR (1996), 342, 343.

⁸ For the English text of the Unidroit Convention on International Factoring, see, eg, International Legal Materials (1988), 943 ff.

⁹ For a comment on this Convention, see Ferrari, , II factoring internazionale. Commento della Convenzione di Ottawa del 1988 (Padova, 1999).Google Scholar

¹⁰ For a reference to the potential of international uniform contract law conventions, in particular the CISG, to reduce ‘forum shopping’, see Klepper, , ‘The Convention for the International Sale of Goods: A Practical Guide for the State of Maryland and Its Trade Community’, Maryland Journal of International Law and Trade (1991), 235, 237.Google Scholar

¹¹ For this, see Siehr, , ‘Forum shopping’ im Internationalen Rechtsverkehr, Zeitschrift für Rechtsvergleichung (1984), 124, 128.Google Scholar

¹² See Collins, , ‘Contractual Obligations—The EEC Preliminary Draft Convention on Private International Law’, ICLQ (1976), 35, 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³ Also cf Juenger, , ‘Forum Shopping, Domestic and International’, Tulane Law Review (1989), 553, 573.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵ See Juenger, above n 2, at 711.

¹⁶ For this, see Siehr, above n 11, at 130.

¹⁷ See Juenger, above n 13, at 574.

¹⁸ Herber, and Piper, , CMR. Internationales Straβentransportrecht. Kommentar (München, 1998), Art 31, Rn 1.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See Loewe, , Erläuterungen zum Übereinkommen vom 18. Mai 1956 über den Beförderungsvertrag im internationalen Straßengüterverkehr (CMR), European Transport Law (1976), 503, 580.Google Scholar

²⁰ For this compare also Schlechtriem and Hager, Art 57 CISG Rn 10.

²¹ For papers on the relationship between the CISG und jurisdiction, see De Cristofaro, , ‘Critical remarks on the Vienna Sales Convention's impact on jurisdiction’, Uniform Law Review/Revue de droit uniforme (2000), 43 ff.Google Scholar; Fogt, , ‘Gerichtsstand des Erfüllungsortes bei streitiger Existenz des Vertrages, Anwendbarkeit des CISG und alternative Vertragsschlussformen’, IPRax 2001, 358 ffGoogle Scholar; Kadner, , Gerichtsstand des Erfüllungsortes im EuGVÜ, Einheitliches Kaufrecht und international-zivilprozessuale Gerechtigkeit, Jura 1997, 240 ffGoogle Scholar; Koch, , Der besondere Gerichtsstand des Klägers/Verkäufers im Anwendungsbereich des UN-Kaufrechts, RIW 1996, 379 ff.Google Scholar; Lugato, , Vendita internazionale e problemi di giurisdizione, Giustizia civile 1991, I, 995 ffGoogle Scholar; Schlechtriem, , Zuständigkeit deutscher Gerichte für Zahlungsklage eines deutschen Lieferanten bei Erfüllungsort nach Einheitskaufrecht, EWiR 1995, 55 ffGoogle Scholar; Timpano, , Vendita internazionale e problemi di giurisdizione, I contratti (2000), 664 ffGoogle Scholar; Vekas, , UN-Kaufvertragsübereinkommen und Vertragsgerichtsstand des EuGVÜ, in Jayme, (ed), Ein Internationales Zivilverfahrensrecht für Gesamteuropa (Heidelberg, 1992), S. 221 ff.Google Scholar

²² OJ 1988 L 319/9.

²³ Czernich and Tiefenthaler, Die Übereinkommen von Lugano und Brüssel. Europäisches Gerichtsstands- und Vollstreckungsrecht. Kurzkommentar (Wien, 1997), Art 2, Rn 1; Kropholler, Europäisches Zivilprozeβrecht. Kommentar zum EuGVÜ und Lugano-Übereinkommen, 5th edn (Heidelberg, 1996), Art 2 Rn 1.

²⁴ See ECJ, 13 July 2000, C-412/98, Group Josi Reinsurance Company SA v Universal General Insurance Company (UGIC), n 35.

²⁵ See ECJ, 13 Nov 1976, C-21/76, Handelswekerij GJ Bier BV v Mines de Potasse d'Alsace S.A., n. 9.

²⁶ For an express reference to the ‘special rules’ referred to in the text, see, eg, Rechtbank Utrecht, 12 May 1999, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2000), 237, 237; Hoge Raad, 24 Sept 1999, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2000), 107, 109.

²⁷ See ECJ, 27 Oct 1998, C-51/97, n. 15, Réunion européenne SA u.a. v Spliethoff's Bevrachtingskantoor BV, Kapitän des Schiffes Alblasgracht VOO2, IPRax (2000), 210, 212.

²⁸ See Rechtbank Middelburg, 26 Jan 2000, Nederlands Internationaal Privaarecht (2000), 231, 231.

²⁹ In this respect, see in legal writing Czernich and Tiefenthaler, Art 5 Rn 5; Kropholler, Art 5 EUGVÜ Rn 5; for a general study on the autonomous interpretation of the Brussels Convention, see Scholz, , Das Problem der autonomen Auslegung des EuGVÜ (Tübingen, 1998).Google Scholar

³⁰ See ECJ, 5 Oct 1999, C-420/97, n 33, Leathertex Divisione Sintetici SpA/Bodetex BVBA, IPRax 402, 404; ECJ, 28 Sept 1999, C-440/97, n 32, GIE Group Concorde u.a./Kapitän des Schiffes ‘Suhadiwarno Paniajn’ ua, IPRax (2000), 399, 400.

³¹ See Rechtbank Arnhem, 26 Oct 2000, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2001), 115, 116; Corte di Cassazione, 19 June 2000, Giurisprudenza italiana (2001), 459, 461; Corte di Cassazione, 10 Mar 2000, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale (2000), 773, 775 and 779; Cour d'appel d'Orléans, 17 Feb 2000, Revue critique de droit international privé (2000), 473, 476; Cour de Cassation, 8 Feb 2000, Revue critique de droit international privé (2000), 473, 475; Rechtbank Arnhem, 3 Feb 2000, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2000), 460, 461; Corte di Cassazione, 14 Dec 1999, Giurisprudenza italiana (2000), 2057, 2059; Hoge Raad, 24 Sept 1999, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2000), 107, 109; KG Berlin, 28 May 1999, IPRax (2000), 405, 405; OLG Celle, 11 Nov 1998, IPRax (1999), 456, 457; Corte di Cassazione, 17 Dec 1998, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale (2000), 456, 460; Cour de Cassation, 16 July 1998, Revue critique de droit international privé (1999), 122, 123; Cour d'appel Paris, 14 Jan 1998, CISG France, <http://witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions> (visited on 25 Apr 2001); OGH, 29 Oct 1997, RIW (1998), 639, 639; Cour d'appel Paris, 21 May 1997, International Litigation Procedure (1998), 379, 379–80; Cour de Cassation, 6 Feb 1996, Revue critique de droit international privé (1996), 504, 504–5.

³² See ECJ, 29 June 1994, C-288/92, Custom Made Commercial/Stawa Metallbau, n 27–9.

³³ In case law see, eg, Hof s'Hertogenbosch, 1 Mar 2001, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2001), 357, 358; Rechtbank Arnhem, 25Jan 2001, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2001), 365, 365; LG Flensburg, 19 Jan 2001, Internationales Handelsrecht (2001), 67, 67; LG Trier, 7 Dec 2000, Internationales Handelsrecht (2001), 35, 35; LG Darmstadt, 9 May 2000, Internationales Handelsrecht (2001), 27, 27; Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona, 7 July 1999, Actualidad civil (2000/5), 87 ff.; OLG Celle, 11 Nov 1998, IPRax (1999), 456 ff; LG Bückeburg, 3 Feb 1998, CISG online, <http://www.jura.uni-freiburg.de/iprl/cisg/>, n 520 (visited on 30 Apr2001); Cour d'appel Paris, 15 Oct 1997, CISG France, <http://witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions> (visited on 25 Apr 2001); Cour d'appel Grenoble, 29 Mar 1995, <http://witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions> (visited on 25 Apr 2001); Cour d'appel Paris, 10 Nov 1993, <http://witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions> (visited on 25 Apr 2001); Cour d'appel Grenoble, 16 Jun 1993, <http://witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions> (visited on 25 Apr 2001).

³⁴ It should be noted, however, that if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, the purchase price is to be paid at the place where the handing over takes places (Art 57(1)(b)).

³⁵ In this respect, see Corte di Cassazione, 5 Nov 1998, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale (2000), 508, 508.

³⁶ See Rechtbank Arnhem, 31 Aug 2000, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2001), 114, 115; Rechtbank Arnhem, 27 Apr 2000, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2000), 461, 462; Hof Amsterdam, 8 Oct 1998, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2000), 337, 338.

³⁷ For critical comments on the relationship between the CISG and Art 5(1) of the Brussels Convention, see Jayme, , ‘Grundfragen zum Anwendungsbereich des EuGVÜ—Zwei Vorlagen an den EuGH’, IPRax (1992), 357, 358Google Scholar; Watt, Muir, Revue critique de droit international privé (2000), 473, 478.Google Scholar

³⁸ See § 270(4) of the German Civil Code.

³⁹ See Art 1247 of the French Civil Code; for an exception to the rule, see Art 1651 of the said Code.

⁴⁰ Compare Czernich and Tiefenthaler, Art 5 Rn 23.

⁴¹ Herber and Piper, Art 31 CMR Rn 1.

⁴² See Rechtbank Rotterdam, 19 Oct 2000, Nederlands Internationaal Provaatrecht (2001), 274, 275; Rechtbank Rotterdam, 2 Dec 1999, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (2000), 233, 234; Rechtbank van Koophandel Antwerpen, 25 Jun 1976, European Transport Law (1976), 691, 693.

⁴³ See Czernich and Tiefenthaler, Art 57 Rn 3.

⁴⁴ For this, see also the report by Schlosser, OJ 1979 C 59/71, App II n 59.

⁴⁵ For further details, see MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 31 CMR Rn 9 ff.

⁴⁶ ECJ, 6 Dec 1994, C-406/92, The owners of the cargo lately laden on board the ship Tatry v The owners of the ship Maciej Rataj, OJ 1994 I, 5439, 5460.

⁴⁷ Hill and Messent, above n 6, at 232 n 91.

⁴⁸ See MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 31 CMR Rn 11 and 13.

⁴⁹ In legal writing, see Fremuth, Thume, and Thume, Art 31 CMR Rn 8; MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 31 CMR Rn. 18; Thume and Demuth, Art 31 CMR Rn 16; in case law, see BGH, 5 Feb 1975, NJW (1975), 1068.

⁵⁰ For this statement, see Fremuth, Thume, and Thume, Art 31 CMR Rn 8.

⁵¹ See Koller, Art 31 CMR Rn 3.

⁵² It must be pointed out that the designation of a forum that is located in a non-contracting State is ineffective; see, eg, Clarke, , International Carriage of Goods by Road 3rd edn (London, 1997), 187.Google Scholar

⁵³ See, most recently, LG Oldenburg, 5 Jan 2000, TranspR (2000), 128, 129.

⁵⁴ See Piper, , Höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung zum Speditions- und Frachtrecht, 6th edn (1988), 90.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Thume and Demuth, Art 31 CMR Rn 15.

⁵⁶ MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 1 CMR Rn 11.

⁵⁷ For a reference to this, see von Falkenhayn, , Das Verhältnis von Factor und Debitor beim Factoring (Frankfurt a. Main, 1999), 14Google Scholar; Weller, , Die UNIDROIT-Konvention von Ottawa über Internationales Factoring (RIW, 1999), 161, 162.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Cf also MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Art 1 FactÜ Rn 48 ff.

⁵⁹ With respect to the applicability of the IFC to assignments that do not per se fall under the convention's substantive sphere of application, see MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Art 3 FactÜ Rn 22 ff.

⁶⁰ See Weller, above n 57, at 162.

⁶¹ For a detailed analysis of the CISG's substantive sphere of application, see, eg, De Nova, L'ambito di applicazione ratione materiae della convenzione, Rivista trimestrale di diritto e procedura civile (1990), 749 ff; Höss, ‘Der gegenständliche Anwendungsbereich des UN-Kaufrechts: ‘Contracts to which the CISG is applicable’, Diss Augsburg (1995).

⁶² See Art 2 CISG.

⁶³ See Kropholler, , Internationales Einheitsrecht. Allgemeine Lehren (Tübingen, 1975), 168.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ In this respect see Lemhöfer, , ‘Die Beschränkung der Rechtsvereinheitlichung auf Internationale Sachverhalte’, RabelsZ, 25 (1960), 401 ff.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ See MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Art 2 FactÜ Rn 3; Rebmann, , Das UNIDROIT-Übereinkommen über das Internationale Factoring (Ottawa, 1988)Google Scholar, RabelsZ 53 (1989), 599, 603.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ See Rebmann, above n 65, at 603.

⁶⁷ See also Zaccaria, , ‘Internationales Factoring nach Inkrafttreten der Konvention von Ottawa’, IPRax (1995), 279, 281.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Ferrari, above n 9, at 58.

⁶⁹ De Nova, , Il progetto UNIDROIT di Convenzione sul factoring internazionale, Diritto del commercio internazionale (1987), 715–16Google Scholar; Häusler, , Das UNIDROIT-Übereinkommen über Internationales Factoring (Ottawa, 1988)Google Scholar, unrer besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Anwendbarkeit (Frankfurt a.M., 1998), 283.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Gargiulo and Giancoli, La cessione del credito sotto la lente UNIDROIT (Commercio internazionale, 1993), 1296, 1303; Munari, , Il factoring internazionale nella convenzione UNIDROIT (Diritto del commercio internazionale, 1989), 457, 460.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Diehl-Leistner, , Internationales Factoring—rechtsvergleichende Darstellung zum Recht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Frankreichs und der USA unter Einschluβ der UNIDROIT-Konvention über das Internationale Factoring (1988), 1992, S 127Google Scholar; Monaco, , La Convenzione internazionale per i contratti di factoring (Bancaria, 1989), 13.Google Scholar

⁷² MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Art 2 FactÜ Rn 5.

⁷³ At this point one may note that the draft Convention on the International Assignment of Receivables elaborated by UNCITRAL does not define internationality on the sole basis of the internationality of the receivables, but also on the basis of the assignor and the assignee having their place of business in different States. For papers on the draft Convention, see Bazinas, , ‘Die Arbeit von UNCITRAL im Bereich der Forderungsabtretung zur Kreditfinanzierung’, in Hadding, and Schneider, (eds), Die Forderungsabtretung, insbesondere zur Kreditsicherung, in ausländischen Rechtsordnungen (1999), 99Google Scholar; id, ‘Lowering the Cost of Credit: The Promises in the Future UNCITRAL Convention on Assignment of Receivables in Internationale Trade’, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law (2001), 259 ffGoogle Scholar; Böhm, Die Sicherungsabtretung im UNCITRAL- Konventionsentwurf (2000); Ferrari, , ‘The UNCITRAL Draft convention on Assignment in Receivables Financing: Critical Remarks on Some Specific Issues’, in Basedow, et al. (eds), Private Law in the International Arena. Liber Amicorum Kurt Siehr (The Hague, 2000), 179 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁴ See MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 1 CMR Rn 3.

⁷⁵ For a critique on this definition of internationality, see Volken, , ‘Das Wiener Übereinkommen über den internationalen Warenkauf; Anwendungsvoraussetzungen und Anwendungsbereich’, in Schlechtriem, (ed), Einheitliches Kaufrecht und nationales Obligationenrecht (Baden-Baden, 1987), 92.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ See, most recently, Frignani, , ‘Convenzione UNIDROIT sul leasing finanziario internazionale’, in Ferrari, (ed), Le convenzioni di diritto del comercio internazionale (Milan, 2001), 205 ff.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ See Mateos, Rodriguez, El contrato de leasing mobiliario international (Madrid, 1997), 103 ffGoogle Scholar; Jimenez, Sanchez, ‘El contrato de leasing’, in Calvo, Caravaca/de la Gandara, (Hrsg.), Contratos Internacionales (Madrid, 1997), 933, 963.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ See Magnus, , ‘Zum räumlich-internationalen Anwendungsbereich des UN-Kaufrechts und zur Mägelrüge’, IPRax (1993), 390, 390Google Scholar; Schlechtriem, , Internationales UN-Kaufrecht (Tübingen, 1996), Rn 11Google Scholar; Witz, , Salger, , and Lorenz, , International Einheitliches Kaufrecht (Heidelberg, 2000), Art 1 Rn 11.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Ferrari, , International Sale of Goods. Applicability and Applications of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Basle, 1999), 67.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ It must be pointed out that the use of the rules of private international law by itself should be sufficient to show that forum shopping will never be irrelevant under the CISG.

⁸¹ In legal writing, see Ferrari, , ‘CISG Art 1 (1) (b) and Related Matters: Brief Remarks on Occasion of a Recent Dutch Court Decision’, Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (1995), 317 ffGoogle Scholar; id, Diritto uniforme della Vendita Internazionale: Questioni di applicabilità e diritto internazionale privato, Rivista di diritto civile (1995), II, 669 ffGoogle Scholar; Pünder, Das Einheitliche UN-Kaufrecht—Anwendung kraft kollisionsrechtlicher Verweisung nach Art. 1 Abs. 1 lit. b UN-Kaufrecht, RIW 1990), 869 ff.; Siehr, , ‘Der internationale Anwendungsbereich des UN-Kaufrechts’, RabelsZ, 52 (1988), 587 ff.Google Scholar; Winship, , ‘Private International Law and the UN Sales Convention, 21 Cornell International Law Journal 1988, 487 ff.Google Scholar

⁸² Volken, above n 75, at 93.

⁸³ Cf for further details Häusler, above n 69, at 300; MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Art 2 FactÜ Rn 29 ff.

⁸⁴ See also Ferrari, above n 9, at 78 ff.; id, Der internationale Anwendungsbereich des Ottawa-Übereinkommens von 1988 über Internationales Factoring (RIW, 1996), 186 ff.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ See Münchkomm HGB/Basedow, Art 1 CMR Rn 30;

⁸⁶ See Sancisi, ‘Convenzione di Ginevra sul trasporto itnernazionale di merci su strada’, in Ferrari (ed), above n 76, at 3, 7.

⁸⁷ For a distinction between sphere of application and scope of application, see most recently Schlechtriem and Ferrari, Art 4 CISG Rn 3; Schlechtriem, , Anwendungsvoraussetzungen und Anwendungsbereich des UN-Übereinkommens über Verträge über den internationalen Warenkauf (CISG), AJP (1992), 337, 340 f.Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ See, eg, Schlechtriem and Ferrari, Vor Art 1–6 Rn 7.

⁹⁰ See Gerichtspräsident Laufen, 7 May 1993, Unilex, stating that the CISG constitutes an exhaustive set of rules on sales law.

⁹¹ See Schluchter, , Die Gültigkeit von Kaufverträgen unter dem UN-Kaufrecht (Baden-Baden, 1996).Google Scholar

⁹² See Webb, , ‘Passing Property in International Sales and Issues in Respect of the Vienna Convention’, Asian Pacific Law Review (1996), 83 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹³ See Kuhlen, Produkthaftung im internationalen Kaufrecht. Entstehungsgeschichte, Anwendungsbereich und Sperrwirkung des Art. 5 des Wiener UN-Kaufrechts (CISG, (Augsburg, 1997); Schneider, , UN-Kaufrecht und Produkthaftpflicht (Basel, 1995).Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Cf Trib Vigevano, 12 July 2000, Giurisprudenza italiana (2001), I, 280, 288; OLG Koblenz, 31 Jan 1997, OLG-Report Koblenz (1997), 37; contra OLG München, 9 July 1997, CISG online, <http://www.jura.uni-freiburg.de/iprl/cisg/>, n 282 (visited on 25 June 2001).

⁹⁵ See OLG Hamm, 8 Feb 1995, IPRax (1996), 197.

⁹⁶ For an overview of legal matters not governed by the CISG, see Ferrari, Jurisprudence concernant les questions non abordées par la CVIM, Revue de droit des affaires Internationales (1998), 835 ff; Witz, , ‘CVIM: interprétation et questions non couvertes’, Revue de droit des affaires Internationales (2001), 253 ff.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ For case law stating the same, see Trib Vigevano, 12 July 2000, Giur. it., (2001), I, 280, 288; LG Düsseldorf, 11 Oct 1995, CISG online, <http://www.jura.uni-freiburg.de/iprl/cisg/>, n 180 (visited on 25 June 2001); OLG Hamm, 9 June 1995, NJW-RR (1996), 179; ICC Arbitral Award Nr 7660’, ICC International Court of Arbitration Bulletin (1996/11), 69 f.

⁹⁸ See MünchKomm and Basedow, Einleitung, CMR Rn 36.

⁹⁹ Loewe, above n 19, at 507.

¹⁰⁰ See MünchKomm and Basedow, Einleitung CMR Rn 36.

¹⁰¹ For similar statements, see Häusler, above n 69, at 238; Munari, above n 70, at 465.

¹⁰² See MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Einl. FactÜ Rn, 23.

¹⁰³ For this statement, see Philbrick, , ‘The Use of Factoring in International Commercial Transactions and the Need for Legal Uniformity as Applied to Factoring Transactions Between the United States and Japan’, Commercial Law Journal (1994), 141, 155Google Scholar; Reisman, , ‘The International Factoring Convention’, The Secured Lender (1988), 26, 30.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Cf Ferrari, above n 84, at 182; Rebmann, above n 65, at 603.

¹⁰⁵ De Nova, above n 69, at 716.

¹⁰⁶ For a detailed list of matters not governed by the IFC, see MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Einl. FactÜ Rn. 24; Häusler, above n 69, at 240 f.

¹⁰⁷ Cf Corrado, Meotti, Morandi, and Silingardi, La disciplina uniforme del contralto di trasporto di cose su strada (Turin), 17; Herber and Piper, CMR. Internationales Straβengütertransportrecht. Kommentar (1998), Art 41 Rn 1; MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 1 CMR Rn 1; Sanchez-Gambarino, El contrato de transporte interncional. CMR (Madrid, 1996), 339; Sancisi, above n 86, at 6.

¹⁰⁸ For this statement, see MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 41 CMR Rn 1.

¹⁰⁹ MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 41 CMR Rn 5, referring to BGH, 9 Feb 1979, NJW (1979), 2471; Trib. Com. Paris, 15 Jun 1978, Bulletin des transports (1978), 422; RB Breda, 16 Dec 1969, Ship & Schade (1970), n 30.

¹¹⁰ Cf, with respect to the CISG, Carbone, and Luzzatto, , ‘I contratti del commercio internazionale’, in Rescigno, (ed), Trattato di diritto privato, vol 11 (Turin, 1984), 131Google Scholar; Diez-Picazo/Calvo Caravaca, Art 6, S. 92; Lanciotti, , Norme uniformi di conflitto e materiali nella disciplina convenzionale della compravendita (Naples, 1992), 146Google Scholar; Lindbach, , Rechtswahl im Einheitsrecht am Beispiel des Wiener UN-Kaufrechts (1996), 67Google Scholar; Volken, above n 75, at 92; in respect of the IFC, see MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Art 3 FactÜ Rn 2; as far as the Leasing Convention is concerned, see Frignani, above n 76, at 213.

¹¹¹ For this statement, see Audit, , La vente Internationale de marhcandises (Paris, 1990), 37Google Scholar. It should be noted that under the various international uniform contract law conventions the role of party autonomy differs. Whereas the CISG gives the parties a lot of freedom, as evidenced by the fact that they are allowed not only to exclude the Convention as a whole, but also to derogate from its provisions, the IFC allows the parties to merely exclude the Convention as a whole (see Diehl-Leistner, above n 128; Weller, above nn 57, 163; Zaccaria, above n 67, at 280 n 10). If the single provisions of the IFC do not provide for their dispositive nature, they are mandatory (see Häusler, above n 69, at 318; MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Art 3 FactÜ Rn 2; contra Reisman, , ‘The Uniform Commercial Code and the Convention on International Factoring’, Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal (1990), 324)Google Scholar. The Convention on International Financial Leasing follows the CISG rather than the IFC, in that it allows the parties to exclude the Convention as a whole and to dero-gate from its provisions, except for a few provisions, which cannot be derogated from in order to protect the lessee (see Ferrari, , ‘Das Verhältnis zwischen den UNIDROIT-Grundsätzen und den allgemeinen Grundsätzen internationaler Einheitsprivatrechtskonventionen’, JZ (1998), 9, 14)Google Scholar.

¹¹² See Ferrari, , ‘Problematiche tipiche della Convenzione di Vienna sui contratti di vendita internazionale di beni mobili risolte in una prospettiva uniforme’, Giurisprudenza italiana (2001), 281, 283.Google Scholar

¹¹³ See Marchand, Les limites de l'uniformisation matérielle du droit de la vente Internationale: mise en oeuvre de la Convention des Nations Unies du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente Internationale de marchandises dans le contexte juridique Suisse (Basle, 1994), 28; MünchKomm HGB/Ferrari, Vor Artt- 1–4 FactÜ Rn; Schlechtriem and Ferrari, Vor Artt. 1–6 Rn 32.

¹¹⁴ The dispositive nature of the Convention on the Limitation Period can be evinced from Art 3(2).

¹¹⁵ See Burr, ‘Fragen des kontinental-europäischen internationalen Verjährungsrechts’ (Diss. Bonn, 1968), 19 ff and 53 ft; Schlechtriem and Müller-Chen, Art 1 VerjÜbk Rn 3 n 5.

¹¹⁶ See Honsell and Karollus, Art 28 CISG Rn. 11; Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law (Vienna, 1986), 63; Schlechtriem and Huber, Art 28 CISG Rn 17.

¹¹⁷ See Catalano, , ‘More Fiction than Fact: The Perceived Differences in the Application of Specific Performance under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods’, Tulane Law Review (1997), 1807 and 1830Google Scholar; Piliounis, , ‘The Remedies of Specific Performance, Price Reduction and Additional Time (Nachfrist) under the CISG: Are these Worthwhile Changes or Additions to English Sales Law?’, Pace International Law Review (2000), 1 and 17Google Scholar; Shen, , ‘The Remedy of Requiring Performance under the CISG and the Relevance of Domestic Rules’, Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law (1996), 253 and 305Google Scholar; Walt, , ‘For Specific Performance under the United Nations Sales Convention’, Texas International Law Journal (1991), 211 and 230.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Cf in this respect Helm, Welches Verschulden steht gem. Art 29 CMR dem Vorsatz gleich?, IPRax (1985), 10 ff; Ivaldi, , Wilful misconduct e colpa grave tra diritto internazionale e diritto interno, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale (1986), 327 ffGoogle Scholar; Lutz, Die Rechtsprechung der französischen Cour de Cassation zum Begriff des groben Verschuldens des Frachtführers nach Art. 29 CMR, TransportR (1989), 139 ff; Oeynhausen, Art 29 CMR: Grobe Fahrlässigkeit—dem Vorsatz gleichstehendes Verschulden?, TransportR 1984, 57 ff.; Tuma, , ‘Art 29 CMR—Bestandsaufnahme und Ausblick’, European Transport Law 1993, 649 ff.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ For this statement, see Herber and Piper, Art 29 CMR Rn 1.

¹²⁰ For critical remarks, compare MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Art 29 CMR Rn 6.

¹²¹ For a criticism of the number of declarations a contracting State was allowed to make under the 1964 Hague Uniform Laws, see Reczei, , ‘The Area of Operation of the International Sales Conventions’, American Journal of Comparative Law (1981), 513, 516 n 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹²² See Dölle and Herber, Art 1 EKG Rn 15 ff.

¹²³ See Herber, , ‘Anwendungsbereich des UNCITRAL-Kaufrechtsübereinkommens’, in Doralt, (ed), Das UNCITRAL-Kaufrecht im Vergleich zum österreichischen Recht (Vienna, 1985), 28 and 31.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ For a paper on the reservations provided for by international uniform substantive law conventions, see most recently Torsello, , ‘Reservations to International Commercial Law conventions’, Uniform Law Review/Revue de droit uniforme (2000), 85 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹²⁵ Compare Schlechtriem and Ferrari, Art 1 Rn 77 ff.

¹²⁶ The statement to be found in the text is true, provided that the forum State did not make a declaration similar to Art 2 of the German Vertragsgesetz, dated 5 July 1989, according to which German courts have to apply the domestic law of the reserving State, in case the rules of private international law lead to the law of a reserving State).

¹²⁷ See, in respect of the CMR, MünchKomm HGB/Basedow, Einleitung CMR Rn 35.

¹²⁸ See, for all, Martiny, , ‘Autonome und einheitliche Auslegung im Europäischen Internationalen Zivilprozeßrecht’, RabelsZ 45 (1981), 427 ff.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Ryan, , ‘TThe Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Divergent Interpretations’, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law (1995), 99, 101.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Munday, , ‘The Uniform Interpretation of International Conventions’, International Law Quarterly (1978), 450, 450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³¹ Scruttons Ltd. v Midland Silicones Ltd., 1962 AC 446, 471 (1961).

¹³² See, eg, CISG Online: <http://www.jura.uni-freiburg.de/iprl/cisg>; CISG France: <http://www.jura.uni.sb.de/FB/LS/Witz/cisg.htm>; <http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu>; www.unilex.info.

¹³³ Internationales Handelsrecht and Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

¹³⁴ A detailed overview of the efforts aimed at making a uniform interpretation possibile, see Herber, CLOUT, Unilex and andere Veröffentlichungen zum internationalen Kaufrecht, RIW 1995, 502 ff.

¹³⁵ See Hill and Messent, above n 6, at 309; Fremuth, Thume, and Thume, Kommentar zum Transportrecht (Heidelberg, 2000), Art 41 CMR Rn 1.

¹³⁶ Cf ass. civ., Foro italiano (1999); Cass. civ., 8 Mar 1983, Nr 1708, Il diritto marittimo (1984), 554 ff; Cass. civ., 15 Feb 1982, Nr 940, Foro padano (1982), I, 17 ff; contra LG Mailand, 11 July 1983, TranspR (1984), 133.

¹³⁷ See Boggio, La CMR. è imperativa, ma il vettore stradale internazionale non risponde, Il diritto marittimo (1999), 833 ff; Fadda, Presupposti per l'applicazione della CMR. Finalmente la giurisprudenza cambia orientamento, Il diritto marittimo (1982), 415 ff; id., Ancora sui presupposti per l'applicazione della C.M.R., Il diritto marittimo 1984, 554; Frigo, La pretesa derogabilità della CMR e i caratteri del diritto uniforme, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale (1983), 94 ff; Pesce, Corte di Cassazione e leggi uniformi (CMR e LUVI): un caso di disattenzione, Foro padano (1982), I, 17 ff.

¹³⁸ For a discussion on this issue, see, most recently, de Lukowicz, Divergenzen in der Rechtsprechung zum CISG. Auf dem Weg zu einer einheitlichen Auslegung und Anwendung?, (Frankfurt a.M., 2001).

¹³⁹ For a reference to the non-mandatory nature of the CISG, see in case law OGH, 27 Aug 1999, IHR (2001), 81, 81; OLG Hamm, 6 May 1998, in Die deutsche Rechtsprechung auf dem Gebiete des Internationalen Privatrechts im Jahre 1998 (Tübingen, 2000), 65 and 65.

¹⁴⁰ See Helen Kaminski PTY, Ltd. v Marketing Australian Products, Inc., 1997 WL 414137 (SDNY); Delchi Carrier, SpA v Rotorex Corp., 71 F.3rd, 1024, 1027–8 (2^nd Cir 1995); Orbisphere Corp. v United States, 726 F.Supp. 1344 (Ct Int'l Trade 1989).

¹⁴¹ See LG München, 29 May 1995, UNILEX.

¹⁴² Cf, eg, Trib. Vigevano, 12 July 2000, Giurisprudenza italiana (2001), 280 ff.

¹⁴³ For papers on the exclusion of the CISG, see Ferrari, ‘Exclusion et inclusion de la CVIM’, Revue de droit des affaires Internationales (2001), 399 ff; Holthausen, , ‘Vertraglicher Ausschluß des UN-Übereinkommens über internationale Warenkaufverträge’, RIW (1989), 513 ffGoogle Scholar; Koch, , ‘Wider den formularmäßigen Ausschluß des UN-Kaufrechts’, NJW (2000), 910 ffGoogle Scholar; Witz, L'exclusion de la Convention des Nations unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises par la volonté des parties (Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980, Dalloz (1990), Chron 107 ff.

¹⁴⁴ For papers dealing with issues of non-conformity and the timelines of the notice of nonconformity, see Andersen, ‘Reasonable Time in Article 39(1) of the CISG—Is Article 39(1) Truly a Uniform Provision?’, Pace essay, Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (1998), 63 ff; Günther, ‘Rügeerfordernisse im internationalen Handelsverkehr gemäß Artikel 39 CISG’, in Baums, Hopt, and Horn (eds), Corporations, Capital Markets and Business in the Law: Liber Amicorum Richard M. Buxbaum (Den Haag, 2000), S 235 ff; Linnerz, Die Untersuchungs- und Rügefrist des Käufers nach dem UN-Kaufrecht (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung deutscher, österreichischer, schweizer, italienischer, niederländischer, belgischer, amerikanischer und schiedsgerichtlicher Rechtsprechung) (Diss. Saarbrücken, 2000); Magnus, , ‘Die Rügeobliegenheit des Käufers im UN-Kaufrecht’, TranspR-IHR (1999), 29 ffGoogle Scholar; Resch, , Zur Rüge bei Sachmängeln nach UN-Kaufrecht, österreichische Juristenzeitung (1992), 470 ffGoogle Scholar; Schlechtriem, , ‘Beginn und Dauer der Untersuchungs- und Rügefrist beim grenzüber-schreitenden Kauf’, EWiR (2000), 125 ffGoogle Scholar; Tannò, Die Berechnung der Rügefrist im schweizerischen, deutschen und UN-Kaufrecht (St. Gallen, 1993); Taschner, ‘Zur Rechtzeitigkeit der Rüge der Vertragswidrigkeit gem. UNWAVTRÜBK Art 39 Abs 1’, TranspR-IHR (2000), 3 f; Veneziano, ‘Non-conformité des marchandises dans les ventes internationales: étude de la jurisprudence atctuelle sur la CVIM’, Revue de droit des affaires internationales (1997), 39 ff; Vogel, ‘Die Untersuchungs- und Rügepflicht im UN-Kaufrecht’ (Diss. Bonn, 2000).

¹⁴⁵ See OLG München, 8 Feb 1995, UNILEX; OLG Karlsruhe, 25 June 1997, BB (1998), 393, 394 f.

¹⁴⁶ See Obergericht Luzern, Schweizerische Juristenzeitung (1998), 515.

¹⁴⁷ See Cour d'Appel de Grenoble, 13 Jan 1995, CISG France, <http://witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions> (visited on 24 July 2001).

¹⁴⁸ For the definition of ‘forum shopping’, see Blacks Law Dictionary.

¹⁴⁹ ‘Forum shopping’ has been named an ‘evil’, for instance by Friendly, ‘Averting the Flood by Lessening the Flow’, Cornell Law Review (1974), 634, 641.

¹⁵⁰ See Weight Watchers Int'l Inc v Stouffer Corp, 11 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1544, 1547 (SDNY1989).

¹⁵¹ See, in this respect, SRep n. 275, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 19–20 (1981).

¹⁵² See Hart, , The Concept of Law (Oxford, 1961), 155.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ See 135 Cong Rec E2243 (daily edn, 21 June 1989), where the following statement by Rep Luken is reproduced: ‘The losers [from forum shopping] are the American public who end up paying excessive legal fees that are silently encapsulated in the price of products.’

¹⁵⁴ See Hanna v Plumer, 380 US 460, 468 (1965).

¹⁵⁵ American Bar Association Model Code of Professional Responsibility, Canon 7.

¹⁵⁶ Ibid, at EC 9–2.

¹⁵⁷ For this conclusion, see also Note, ‘Forum Shopping Reconsidered’, Harvard Law Review (1990), 1677, 1690; Siehr, above n 11, at 141.