A first-principles calculation of charge states of moving protons in Al is presented. The many-body self-energy approach combined with ordinary atomic physics has been used. We find that at high velocities, V>2$V_0$ or 3$V_0$ (Bohr velocity), the processes are atomiclike, while at intermediate velocities, 0.7$V_0$$V_0$ or 3$V_0$, solid-state effects are responsible for the proton charges.

• Received 22 October 1986

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.35.8249